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Artur 9.1 1 {{box title="**Contents**"}}
Helena 1.1 2 {{toc/}}
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Helena 1.2 5 = Preamble =
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Artur 9.1 7 The 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS),
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Helena 14.1 9 In response to the resolution concerning further (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on labour migration statistics adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (2013),
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Artur 9.1 11 Recalling the implications of the ILO Constitution (1919), the Forced Labour
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Artur 12.1 13 Convention, 1930 (No. 29), the Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949
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Artur 12.1 15 (No. 97) and the accompanying Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised), 1949 (No. 86), the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), the Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143) and the accompanying Migrant Workers
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Helena 15.1 17 Recommendation, 1975 (No. 151), the Employment and Decent Work for Peace and
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Artur 9.1 19 Resilience Recommendation, 2017 (No. 205), the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto (2003), the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, as amended, the outcomes of the Tripartite Meeting on Issues relating to Migrant Fishers (2017) and relevant international and regional instruments, in particular the General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995), mode 4,
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Artur 9.1 21 Following up the resolution concerning fair and effective labour migration governance
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Artur 9.1 23 (2017), the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (2015) and the Report of the Director‐General entitled //Fair migration: Setting an ILO agenda// (2014),
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Artur 9.1 25 Having reviewed the relevant texts of the Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1 (1998), adopted by the United Nations Statistical
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Artur 9.1 27 Commission, the resolution concerning statistics of child labour adopted by the 18^^th^^
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Artur 15.2 29 International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) in 2008, the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, the resolution concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]] adopted by the 19^^th^^ ICLS in 2013, and the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 3 (2017), adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission.
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Artur 9.1 31 Recognizing that while a significant majority of international migrants are migrant workers, international labour migration is a broader phenomenon than what is covered by the Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1, that there is, therefore, a need for international recommendations on all aspects of international labour migration, that the lack of comprehensive statistical information regarding international labour migration and its impact on national development has hindered the effective integration of labour migration into national development strategies, and that the absence of international standards regarding concepts, definitions and methodologies for the measurement of international labour migration and migrant workers continues to be a major obstacle to the production of harmonized statistics, Recognizing that legal authorities in countries may have a mandate to regulate international migration to and from their territories, and that the registration conducted to administer and enforce such regulations may serve as a basis for statistics,
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Artur 9.1 33 Acknowledging the ILO rights‐based approach to labour migration, that the methods and measures concerning international labour migration and migrant workers in a given country will depend on the national context and policy priorities and specific user needs, and that their implementation will therefore, to a certain extent, be determined by national circumstances,
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Artur 9.1 35 Endorses this 18^^th^^ day of October 2018 the following guidelines and encourages countries to test the conceptual framework on which they are based.
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Artur 9.1 37 = Objectives and scope =
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Artur 15.5 39 ~1. International labour migration is a rising policy priority and there is a need to respond equitably to the interests of countries of origin and countries of destination, as well as to the interests of migrant workers. To be effective, policies must be based on strong evidence, including the number of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] involved, their characteristics and their [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] patterns. International labour migration may take the form of international labour mobility, as temporary or short‐term movement of persons across countries for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐related purposes in the context of the free movements of workers in regional economic communities.
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Artur 9.1 41 2. The term //international labour migration// is used in the present guidelines as a generic term to refer, in general, to concepts related to the process and outcome of international labour migration and, in particular, to the following three concepts:
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Artur 15.5 43 * (a) [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]];
Helena 14.1 44 * (b) for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants;
Artur 15.5 45 * (c) return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]].
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Artur 9.1 47 3. These guidelines aim at supporting countries to develop their national statistics on international labour migration and at encouraging them to test the conceptual framework suggested in the guidelines.
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Artur 15.2 49 4. In general, statistics of international labour migration should cover the reference population, comprising all persons who are usual residents of the country, regardless of sex, country of origin or citizenship (nationality), in line with the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 3 (2017). For the purpose of these guidelines, the reference population also includes persons who are not usual residents in the country but who are, nevertheless, in the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] or [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] or any other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] in that country, such as frontier workers, seasonal workers, itinerant workers, documented and undocumented migrant workers, project‐tied workers, specified‐[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] workers, seafarers and workers on an offshore installation.{{footnote}}International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990), Article 2.{{/footnote}} Refugees and asylum‐seekers may be members of the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] in the destination country, but their reason for leaving the country of origin is purportedly to seek international protection and is not to seek (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
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Artur 15.2 51 5. In countries with a significant inflow of short‐term or temporary migrant workers, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] statistics should be supplemented, to the extent possible, by information on the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] characteristics of non‐usual residents (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) in the national territory, so as to permit analysis of their situation and their impact on the labour market.
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Helena 14.1 53 6. The common concepts and definitions recommended in the present guidelines are coherent with the current international standards and guidelines on the subject of statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) adopted by the 19^^th^^ ICLS, the Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1 (1998), and the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 3 (2017).
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Artur 15.5 55 7. A primary concern of the ILO is to identify and measure stocks and flows of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], and on that basis to promote measures to protect them through a rightsbased approach. It is important to promote labour migration that improves the welfare of migrant workers and their families both in their country of origin and in their country of destination.
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Artur 15.5 57 8. The purpose of these guidelines is to help countries to develop their national statistical system by collecting comparable statistics on international labour migration in order to provide an improved information base for the various users, taking account of specific national needs and circumstances. Such a system should be designed to achieve a number of objectives, in particular to obtain a better understanding of the migration process; to assess the socio‐demographic characteristics and conditions of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and the equitable treatment of different groups of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]; and to study the relative status of the disadvantaged groups of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] that are of specific policy concern.
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Artur 9.1 59 9. To achieve these objectives, the integrated national statistical system should be developed in consultation with the various users of the statistics and, to the extent possible, in harmony with the collection of other economic, demographic and social statistics. Choices regarding the concepts and topics covered and their different frequencies of measurement and/or reporting will depend on their national relevance and the resources available. Each country should establish an appropriate strategy for data collection and statistical reporting that ensures the progress and sustainability of the system.
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Artur 15.5 61 10. In developing their statistics on international labour migration, countries should endeavour to incorporate the guidelines recommended below in order to promote international comparability and to permit the evaluation of trends and differences in the magnitude, patterns and consequences, for countries and individuals, of the stocks and flows of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]].
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Artur 9.1 63 = Concepts and definitions =
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Artur 9.1 65 == Resident population ==
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Helena 15.1 67 ~11. In line with the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 3, the //resident population// of a country comprises all persons who are //usual residents// of the country, regardless of sex, national origin, citizenship or geographic location of their place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). This includes stateless persons and non‐citizens who are usual residents but have no documentation of residence. It also includes usual residents who (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) outside the country (e.g. frontier workers, seasonal workers, other short‐term migrant workers, [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] workers and nomads).
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Artur 9.1 69 == Resident producer units ==
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Artur 9.1 71 12. In line with the System of National Accounts, a //resident producer unit //is an economic unit whose principal function is the production of goods and services and whose centre of economic interest is within the economic territory of a given country.
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Artur 9.1 73 == International migrants ==
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Artur 9.1 75 13. //International migrants// include all those residents of a given country who have ever changed their country of usual residence. For the purpose of practical measurement and in line with United Nations recommendations, international migrants may be measured as “all persons who are usual residents of that country and who are citizens of another country (foreign population) or whose place of birth is located in another country (foreignborn population)”. In particular:
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Artur 9.1 77 * the //foreign‐born population// of a country includes all persons who have that country as the country of their usual residence and whose place of birth is located in another country. They correspond to the stock of international migrants who have migrated at least once in their life and currently reside outside their country of birth. People born outside their country of current residence but who are citizens of that country at birth (e.g. born abroad of national parent(s) living abroad) are sometimes excluded from the count of foreign‐born population. The recorded country of birth refers to the geographical entity at the time of data collection. Native born persons can be nationals or foreign citizens or both;
78 * the //foreign population of a country// includes all persons who do not have citizenship of the country of their usual residence. It includes resident stateless persons. It excludes international migrants who have acquired citizenship of their country of usual residence. The foreign population can be foreign‐born or native‐born.
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Artur 9.1 80 == International migrant workers ==
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Artur 15.5 82 14. The concept of //[[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is meant to measure the current labour attachment of international migrants in a country, irrespective of the initial purpose of migration, and of others who are not usual residents of the country but have current labour attachment in the country of measurement. In this context, the terms “[[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]” and “international migrant and non‐resident foreign workers” are equivalent. They are defined, for statistical purposes, as all persons of [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] present in the country of measurement who are in one of the following two categories:
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Artur 15.2 84 * (a)// usual residents//: international migrants who, during a specified reference period, were in the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] of the country of their usual residence, either in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or in [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]];
85 * (b) //not usual residents, or non‐resident foreign workers//: persons who, during a specified reference period, were not usual residents of the country but were present in the country and had labour attachment to the country, i.e., were either in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] supplying labour to resident producer units of that country or were seeking [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in that country.
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Artur 15.5 87 15. From the perspective of the country of usual residence, category 14(b) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] (not usual residents, or non‐resident foreign workers) may be called “residents (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad”. From the perspective of the country of citizenship, resident citizens (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad and non‐resident citizens (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad (in the sense of being in the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] of the country of their current usual residence) may be called “citizens (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) aboard”. Similarly, from the perspective of the country of birth, resident nativeborn persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad and non‐resident native‐born persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad may be called “native‐born persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad”.
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Artur 15.2 89 16. The concepts of “[[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population”, “[[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]]”, “[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]” and “[[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]]” are defined in line with the latest international standards concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]], as follows:
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Artur 15.2 91 * (a) the //[[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population// is determined on the basis of a specified lower age limit (taking into consideration the minimum age for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or the age of completion of compulsory schooling), with no upper age limit. Where relevant, the lower age limit may be extended to separately measure the labour attachment of international migrant children and of non‐resident children below the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]];
92 * (b) the //[[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]]// is defined as persons of [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] who were either in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or in [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] during the specified reference period;
Artur 9.1 93 * (c) //[[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]]// are defined as all those of [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] who, during the specified reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit;
Artur 15.2 94 * (d) //[[persons in unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unemployment.WebHome]]// are defined as all those of [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] who were not in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], carried out activities to seek [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] during the specified reference period and were currently available to take up [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] given a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] opportunity.
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Artur 15.5 96 17. Depending on policy objectives, countries may wish to also include among [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] persons who, during the specified reference period, were in the [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] or were engaged in unpaid [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], as defined in the latest international standards on the topics. The extension of the scope of labour attachment to the [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] may be particularly relevant in cases where some international migrants are not allowed to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for pay or profit or are subject to restrictions limiting the type or location of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). For the purpose of international comparisons, data on different categories of labour attachment and different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] should be presented separately.
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Helena 15.1 98 18. The specified reference period should, in principle, be short, such as seven days or one week. The measurement of different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] may, however, use different lengths of time around the reference period, such as four weeks or a calendar month for own‐use production of goods, [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], and one or more 24‐hour days within a seven‐day or one‐week period for own‐use provision of services.
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Artur 15.5 100 19. The main elements of the measurement of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are presented in the diagram below.
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Artur 9.1 102 [[image:1750318794458-654.png]]
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Artur 15.5 104 20. The following categories of workers are included as [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. The categories are not exhaustive and mutually exclusive, and are not meant to be measured separately in all circumstances. The list is meant to illustrate the particular categories of workers that are included within the scope of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]:
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Artur 12.1 106 * (a) frontier workers, who are not usual residents of the country of measurement but have been granted permission to be employed on a continuous basis in that country provided they depart at regular and short intervals (daily or weekly) from the country;
Artur 15.2 107 * (b) seasonal workers, who are not usual residents of the country of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], whose (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) by its character is dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed during part of the year;
Helena 14.1 108 * (c) itinerant workers, who are not usual residents of the country of measurement but travel to the country for short periods for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)‐related reasons;
Artur 15.2 109 * (d) project‐tied workers, who are admitted to the country of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for a defined period of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] solely on a specific project being carried out in that country by their employer;
110 * (e) specified‐[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] workers, who have been sent by their employer, such as a multinational enterprise, for a restricted and defined period of time to the country of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] to undertake a specific assignment or duty, or to undertake (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) that requires professional, commercial, technical or other highly specialized skills or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) that is transitory or brief, and who are required to depart from the country of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] either at the expiration of their authorized period of stay or earlier if they no longer undertake that specified assignment or duty or engage in that (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
111 * (f) self‐employed workers, who are engaged in a remunerated activity otherwise than under a contract of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and who earn their living through their activity normally (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) alone or together with members of their family, also including any other migrant worker recognized as self‐employed by applicable legislation of the country of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or bilateral or multilateral agreements;
Artur 12.1 112 * (g) seafarers, including fishermen employed on a vessel which is registered in the country of measurement, of which the workers are not nationals;
113 * (h) workers employed on an offshore installation that is under the jurisdiction of the country of measurement, of which the workers are not nationals;
114 * foreign domestic workers engaged by resident employers;
Helena 14.1 115 * (j) foreign students who entered the country on the declared purpose of studying but then were (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or combining (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and study;
Artur 12.1 116 * (k) international travellers on tourism trips whose main purpose is to be employed in the country of visit and receive compensation for the labour input provided;
Helena 14.1 117 * (l) (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) refugees and asylum‐seekers, irrespective of authorization to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) during processing of refugee status or sanctuary request;
118 * (m) forcibly displaced persons across borders due to natural or human‐made disasters, (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the country of displacement;
Artur 9.1 119 * persons trafficked across international borders for forced labour or labour exploitation.
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Artur 15.5 121 21. //Excluded// as [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are:
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Artur 9.1 123 * (a) foreign military and diplomatic personnel;
Helena 14.1 124 * (b) international travellers on tourism trips undertaking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the country of visit that is incidental to the trip (i.e. not its main purpose);
Artur 9.1 125 * (c) staff of call centres in non‐resident production units and others providing services from a foreign location.
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Artur 9.1 127 == For‐work international migrants ==
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Artur 15.2 129 22. The concept of //for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants// is intended to measure the movements of persons from one country to another for the purpose of undertaking or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). For statistical purposes, for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants are all international migrants as defined in paragraph 14 above covering category 14(a) (usual residents) as well as category 14(b) (not usual residents), who entered the country of measurement during a specific reference period for the purpose of undertaking or seeking [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and whose intention was documented or declared at the time of entry to the country. In particular:
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Helena 14.1 131 * (a) the specified reference period for the measurement of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants should be long, such as the previous 12 months or the previous calendar year;
Artur 15.2 132 * (b) for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants are distinguished from other international migrants who enter the country primarily for reasons not related to undertaking or seeking [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. In both cases, the distinction refers to the time of entry and not to the current situation of the person;
133 * (c) the term “undertaking or seeking [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]” is understood to mean engaging in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or seeking and being available for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], in line with the definitions of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] and [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] of 19th ICLS Resolution I. Undertaking or seeking [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] may not be the only reason or the main reason for entry in the country. It suffices for it to be one of the documented or declared reasons. Where relevant and feasible, countries may wish to extend the measurement to a broader concept of “undertaking or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)” that would include [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], such as “[[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]]”, “[[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]]” or “own‐use production (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)”;
Artur 9.1 134 * (d) the term “documented or declared” is understood to mean documented in official immigration registers or declared to relevant immigration authorities.
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Artur 9.1 136 == Return international migrant workers ==
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Artur 15.5 138 23. The concept of //return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is intended to provide a basis for measuring the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) experience of persons returning after being [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] abroad. For the country of measurement, return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are defined as all current residents of the country who were previously [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in another country or countries. In particular:
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Artur 15.5 140 * (a) the measurement of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] does not depend on the current [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] status of persons in the country of current residence. Return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may include persons currently outside the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] or outside the [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]], or persons no longer engaged in any [[form of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] in the country of current residence;
141 * (b) return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] include those current residents of the country of measurement who were (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) aboard without being usual residents of the country (c) in which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) (corresponding to category 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] as given above);
142 * (c) it is recommended that the chosen minimum duration of labour attachment abroad for a person to be considered as a return [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] be relatively short, such as 6 months, calculated on a cumulative basis for workers with repeated spells of migration;
143 * (d) it is recommended that the reference period for the date of return, i.e., the maximum time elapsed since the return of the person to the country of current residence for them to be included in the count (stock) of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in that country, should be relatively long, such as last 12 months or last 5 years, or it may be left open and then classified by date of return.
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Artur 9.1 145 == Classifications ==
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Artur 15.5 147 24. International labour migration is characterized by its directionality, duration and nature. Directionality distinguishes between entry and exit of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. Duration refers to the duration of stay in the country of labour attachment. Nature of international labour migration refers to its permanent or temporary character.
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Artur 9.1 149 === Directionality ===
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Artur 15.5 151 25. [[International migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be classified by country of labour attachment and country of origin. In particular:
Helena 1.1 152
Artur 15.5 153 * (a) //country of labour attachment// is the country in which the [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] was supplying labour to resident producer unit(s) during the specified reference period used for measurement. For category 14(a) (usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the country of labour attachment is the same as the country of usual residence. For category 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the country of labour attachment differs from the country of usual residence;
154 * (b) depending on the definition used for measurement purposes (category 14(a) or 14 (b) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]), the //country of origin// of the [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may refer to the country of birth, the country of citizenship or the country of previous usual residence. For category 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the country of origin may usually refer to the country of current usual residence; alternatively, it may refer to the country of birth or the country of citizenship.
Helena 1.1 155
Helena 14.1 156 26. For‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be classified by country of origin and country of destination. In particular:
Helena 1.1 157
Artur 15.5 158 * (a) as for [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the //country of origin// of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be the country of birth, the country of citizenship or the country of previous usual residence, depending on the definition of international migrants used for measurement purposes;
Artur 15.2 159 * (b) the //country of destination// of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants refers to the country which the migrant entered to undertake or seek [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
Helena 1.1 160
Helena 14.1 161 27. For‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may transit through one or more countries in their movement from country of origin to country of destination. For‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) migrant workers may be classified by //country or countries of transit// retrospectively, when the country of destination has been reached. For a country to be considered as a country of transit, the minimum length of stay in that country should be at least 4 weeks during which the worker had been undertaking or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). If the duration of stay was beyond a certain maximum threshold, the country should be considered not as a country of transit but as a country of previous labour attachment. The maximum threshold may be determined in line with the national circumstances and policy priorities of the country.
Helena 1.1 162
Artur 15.5 163 28. Return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be classified by //country of previous labour attachment//. The country of previous labour attachment refers to the country in which the return international migrant was previously an [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. In the case that the return international migrant had more than one country of previous labour attachment, the country of last labour attachment or the country of longest labour attachment, or a combination of the two criteria, may be used for classification purposes.
Helena 1.1 164
Artur 9.1 165 === Duration of stay ===
Helena 1.1 166
Artur 15.5 167 29. [[International migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants and return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be classified according to duration of stay in the country of current labour attachment. Return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may also be classified according to duration of stay and duration of labour attachment in the country of previous labour attachment, including periods the person was in that country but temporarily had no labour attachment.
Helena 1.1 168
Artur 15.5 169 30. For [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], //duration of stay// is the length of elapsed time spent in the country of labour attachment. It includes periods during which the [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] was temporarily absent from his or her (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or had temporarily no labour attachment in the country. The term //elapsed time// refers to the fact that the [[international migrant worker>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] is still present in the country of labour attachment and the duration of stay, at the time of measurement, may be incomplete.
Helena 1.1 170
Artur 15.5 171 31. The following categories of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be distinguished in terms of duration of stay:
Helena 1.1 172
Artur 15.5 173 * (a) //long‐term [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]//, that is, [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] whose duration of stay in the country of labour attachment has been one year or more (12 months or more). Where relevant, long‐term [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be sub‐divided to distinguish between those with duration of stay of less than 5 years, and those with duration of stay of 5 years or more;
174 * (b) //short‐term [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]//, that is, [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] whose cumulative duration of stay in the country of labour attachment has been of** **limited duration, i.e., less than 12 months;
175 * (c) for certain policy purposes, it may also be relevant to separately identify //seasonal [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// (category 20(b) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]), whose (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) by its character is dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed during only a part of the year. Similar considerations for separate identification may also apply to //frontier workers// and //itinerant workers// (categories 20(a) and 20(c) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]).
Helena 1.1 176
Artur 15.5 177 Within the three categories 31(a), 31(b) and 31(c), [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may be further classified for analytical purposes by //duration of labour attachment//, distinguishing between duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and duration of [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], and, where relevant, duration in other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] or activities.
Helena 1.1 178
Artur 15.5 179 32. In the case of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the duration of stay refers to the duration of intended stay and the country of labour attachment refers to the country of destination.
Helena 1.1 180
Artur 15.5 181 33. In the case of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the country of labour attachment is the country of previous labour attachment and the duration of stay refers to the duration of the completed stay in that country. For certain policy and analytical purposes, it may also be relevant to classify return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] according to the cumulative duration of stay in all countries of previous labour attachment.
Helena 1.1 182
183 === Permanent or temporary nature ===
184
Helena 14.1 185 34. For‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be classified according to the permanent or temporary nature of their intended stay in the country of labour attachment at the time of entry, as follows:
Helena 1.1 186
Helena 14.1 187 * (a) //permanent for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants//, that is, for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants with the intention of settling for a lifetime in the country of labour attachment or country of destination. For practical purposes, in the case of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with labour contracts, permanent for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be defined on the basis of the duration of the labour contract, such as those with labour contracts with a duration of 5 years or more. From the perspective of the country of citizenship, when different from the country of labour attachment or country of destination, permanent for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be regarded as “citizens (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad with no intention of returning to the country of citizenship”. Similarly, from the perspective of the country of birth, when different from the country of labour attachment or country of destination, permanent for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be regarded as “native‐born persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad with no intention of returning to the country of birth”;
188 * (b) //temporary for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants//, that is, for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants entering the country of labour attachment or country of destination with the intention of stay for a limited period of time period, which may be less or more than 12 months. The time restriction may be voluntary on the part of worker or due to the needs of the employing organization. For practical purposes, in the case of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with labour contracts, temporary for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be defined on basis of the duration of the labour contract. From the perspective of the country of citizenship, when different from the country of labour attachment or country of destination, temporary for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be regarded as “citizens (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad with the intention of returning to the country of citizenship”. Similarly, from the perspective of the country of birth, when different from the country of labour attachment or country of destination, temporary for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants may be regarded as “native‐born persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) abroad with the intention of returning to the country of birth”;
Helena 1.1 189
Artur 15.5 190 35. Where relevant and feasible, [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may also be classified as permanent and temporary [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] on the basis of nature of intended stay as in the case of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants. It should be noted that in the case of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], there may be categories** **who cannot be adequately classified as permanent or temporary [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] due to the nature of their labour migration. One particular group comprises //circular international// //migrant workers, //that is, [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] involved in multiple movements between country of origin and country of labour attachment within a specified period of time, such as 12 months. This group includes category 14 (b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]].
Helena 1.1 191
Artur 9.1 192 == Statistics of stocks and flows ==
Helena 1.1 193
Artur 15.5 194 36. The statistics of stocks and flows provide information on the numbers of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] present in the country and the changes in their migrant status and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) status, as follows:
Helena 1.1 195
Artur 15.5 196 * (a) the //stock of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is the number of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] present in the country of measurement at a given time, as defined in categories 14(a) and 14 (b) set out above;
Helena 14.1 197 * (b) the //inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants// is the number of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants who entered in the country of measurement during the reference period specified in paragraph 22(a) above;
Artur 15.5 198 * (c) the //inflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is the sum of: {{{(i)}}} the number of international migrants already present in the country of measurement before the beginning of the specified reference period, who were outside the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] at the beginning of the reference period but entered the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] of the country of measurement during the reference period; (ii) the inflow of international migrants who entered the country of measurement during the reference period – whether as for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants or for whatever other reason – and entered the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] of the country of measurement during the reference period; (iii) non‐residents of the country of measurement who became non‐resident [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country during the reference period. The inflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] //includes// the inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants who entered the country of measurement during the reference period and had labour attachment in that country at some time during the reference period. It //excludes//, however, the inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants who entered the country of measurement during the reference period but have remained without labour attachment in that country throughout the reference period;
199 * (d) the //outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is the sum of: {{{(i)}}} the number of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] who left the country of measurement (or died) during the specified reference period; (ii) the number of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] who remained in the country of measurement but left the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] of the country during the reference period; and (iii) non‐resident [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country of measurement whose labour attachment in that country terminated during the reference period, for whatever reason. The outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] //excludes// for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants in the country of measurement who left that country (or died) during the reference period, without having had labour attachment in the country at any time during the reference period.
Helena 1.1 200
Artur 15.5 201 While the three categories {{{(i)}}}, (ii) and (iii) in subparagraphs 36(c) and 36(d) are needed to ensure that the statistics of inflow and outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are consistent with those on the change in the stock of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], it is important to distinguish between the migrant flows (category (ii)) and the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] flows (categories {{{(i)}}} and (iii)) representing the entries and exists to and from the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]].
Helena 1.1 202
Artur 15.5 203 37. The //change in the stock of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// during a given period of time is equal to the inflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] during that period minus the outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] during that same period. If the stock has increased, there has been a //net inflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]//; if the stock has decreased, there has been a //net outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// during the given period.
Helena 1.1 204
Artur 15.5 205 38. The main statistics of stocks and flows of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are:
Helena 1.1 206
Artur 15.5 207 * (a) the //stock of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is the total number of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country of measurement at a given point of time, as defined in paragraph 23 above;
208 * (b) the //inflow of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]// is the number of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] returning to the country of measurement during a certain specified period of time.
Helena 1.1 209
Artur 15.5 210 39. In countries where there is a significant movement of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] to other countries (or to certain specified countries), it may be relevant to also compile statistics of //outflow of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]],// defined as the number of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] who leave the country of measurement for another country during a given period for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or other reasons.
Helena 1.1 211
Artur 9.1 212 == Core indicators ==
Helena 1.1 213
Helena 15.1 214 40. Each country should select a set of indicators to monitor the process of international labour migration affecting the country. For international reporting, the following set of core indicators is proposed.
Helena 1.1 215
Artur 15.5 216 41. The core indicators of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are:
Helena 1.1 217
Artur 15.5 218 * (a) the stock of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] at the mid‐point of the reporting period, distinguishing between categories 14(a) (usual residents) and 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]];
219 * (b) the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] participation rate, the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐to‐population ratio and the [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] rate of international migrants, as defined in paragraph 16 above. Since category 14(a) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] refers to usual residents in the country of labour attachment, by definition, the corresponding categories 16(a), 16(b), 16(c) and 16(d) cover only residents:
Helena 7.1 220
Artur 9.1 221 [[image:1750319381850-786.png]]
Helena 1.1 222
Artur 15.5 223 * (c) in countries with a significant number of category 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the modified [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] participation rate, the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐to‐population ratio and the [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] rate may be calculated by adding the number of category 14(b) [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] to both the numerator and the denominator of the indicators of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]];
224 * (d) where “labour attachment” in the definition of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] is extended to cover the [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] and unpaid [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], the indicators of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] should distinguish between the different forms of labour attachment and corresponding rates and ratios should be calculated, as appropriate;
225 * (e) in countries with a significant number of child [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], an appropriate lower age limit may be used in defining the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population and the corresponding population of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] for the purpose of calculating the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] participation rate and the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐to‐population ratio of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]].
Helena 1.1 226
Helena 14.1 227 42. The core indicators of the inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants are:
Helena 1.1 228
Helena 14.1 229 * (a) inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants during the reference period chosen in paragraph 22(a), identifying separately the number of temporary, and where relevant, the number of circular for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants as defined in paragraphs 34 and 35;
230 * t(b) he share of inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants in the total inflow of international migrants during the reference period, irrespective of the reason for migration.
Helena 1.1 231
Artur 15.5 232 43. The core indicators of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] are:
Helena 1.1 233
Artur 15.5 234 * (a) the stock of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] at mid‐point of the reference period chosen under paragraph 23(a) above;
235 * (b) the share of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population of the country of measurement at mid‐point of the same reference period;
236 * (c) the inflow of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country of measurement during the reference period chosen under paragraph 38(b) above.
Helena 1.1 237
Artur 15.5 238 44. The core indicators should be disaggregated by sex and, where relevant, by country of origin, country of destination, country of labour attachment or country of previous labour attachment, in line with the definitions given in paragraphs 25 to 28 above. Where relevant and feasible, the core indicators may be extended to reflect on other aspects of [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]] of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], in particular, time‐related underemployment and other forms of underemployment.
Helena 1.4 239
Artur 9.1 240 45. To enable measurement of trends, the core indicators should be reported at the national level on a regular basis and, where relevant and feasible, on a frequent basis, such as annually, quarterly or monthly, as appropriate.
Helena 1.4 241
Artur 9.1 242 = Data collection =
Helena 1.1 243
Artur 9.1 244 == Items of data collection and tabulation ==
Helena 1.1 245
Artur 15.5 246 46. The items of data collection should provide comprehensive information for the various users of the statistics of international labour migration, taking into account specific national needs and circumstances. The information should cover data on the main sociodemographic characteristics and the migrant status and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) status of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants and return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. The main items of data collection include:
Helena 1.1 247
Artur 9.1 248 * (a) //main socio‐demographic characteristics//:
Helena 1.5 249 ** sex
Artur 9.1 250 ** age or date of birth
251 ** marital status
252 ** level of education attained
253 ** type of living quarters (private household, collective or institutional household, other type of living quarters, non‐residential accommodation)
254 ** country of birth and country of birth of parent(s)
255 ** country of citizenship
256 ** country of usual residence
Artur 15.5 257 ** country of last usual residence (or country of previous labour attachment for return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]])
Artur 9.1 258 ** proficiency (speaking, reading, writing) in a language of the country of labour attachment
259 * (b) //main migration characteristics//:
Artur 15.5 260 ** purpose of migration (declared or documented reason for first entry into the country, specifically the country of actual or intended labour attachment); and also, for return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], the main reason for last departure from the country of previous labour attachment
Helena 14.1 261 ** type of visa, residence permit, (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) permit
Artur 9.1 262 ** permanent, temporary or circular nature of migration
Artur 15.5 263 ** duration of stay: date of first entry into the country of labour attachment; and also, for return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], date of last departure from the country
Artur 9.1 264 ** any restrictions in the rights to residence in the country of actual or intended labour attachment (such as concerning place of residence, duration of stay, mobility)
Helena 14.1 265 * (c) //main (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) characteristics//:
Artur 12.1 266 ** [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] status (employed, unemployed, outside the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]])  branch of economic activity
Artur 9.1 267 ** occupation
Artur 15.2 268 ** status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]
Helena 14.1 269 ** [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], including hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work
Artur 15.2 270 ** duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in months or years
271 ** [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐related income
Artur 9.1 272 ** remittances sent outside the country of labour attachment
273 ** social security entitlements in the country of labour attachment
Artur 15.2 274 ** any restrictions of the right to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (e.g. concerning undertaking or seeking (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), changing employer or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed)
Helena 1.1 275
Artur 15.5 276 //[[Labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] status// refers to the current situation of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] and for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants and to the last situation of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country of previous labour attachment. The //main (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) characteristics// refer to the current main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] of employed [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] and for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants and to the last [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] of return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] in the country of previous labour attachment.
Helena 1.1 277
Artur 15.2 278 47. The concepts and categories of the items of data collection should adhere or be convertible to the latest international statistical standards where they exist, such as the Recommendations on statistics of international migration, the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), the International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (ICSE), and the ICLS standards on statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]], [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]‐related income.
Helena 1.1 279
Artur 15.5 280 48. Where “labour attachment” in the definition of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] covers the [[potential labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Potential Labour Force.WebHome]] and unpaid [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], the list of items of data collection should be extended to include elements for the measurement of potential labour, [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] and their characteristics, such as degree of labour market attachment, type of economic unit (market units/non‐market units) and [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], as appropriate.
Helena 1.1 281
Helena 14.1 282 49. Similarly, where the age limit of the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population is lowered to cover international child migrant workers, the list of items of data collection should be extended to obtain relevant information on the child’s living and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions, including school attendance, engagement in unpaid domestic services or household chores, exposure to hazardous (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions and risk of other worst forms of child labour, in line with the latest ICLS standards on statistics of child labour.
Helena 1.1 283
Artur 15.5 284 50. Depending on policy concerns, additional data items may be collected, such as on past migration and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) history; family relationships and characteristics of family members; particular categories of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], such as one or more of those listed under paragraph 20 above; or special topics, such as occupational injuries, the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], and labour exploitation and forced labour of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], in line with the latest ICLS standards on the respective topics, namely, statistics of occupational injuries (resulting from occupational accidents), statistics of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and statistics of forced labour, etc.
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Artur 9.1 286 51. In general, the periodicity of data collection depends on the statistical needs and capacity of the statistical infrastructure in the country of measurement. The periodicity of data collection may not be the same for all items of data collection. At a minimum, the periodicity of the main items of data collection should be sufficient to provide the information required for the core indicators specified in paragraphs 40 to 45 above.
Helena 1.1 287
Artur 15.5 288 52. The items of data collection described above give rise to a multitude of tabulations and cross‐tabulations of data on [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants and return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. The choice and details of the tabulation plan depend on policy concerns, as well as on the representativeness, data quality and sample size of the underlying inquiry if the data are based on sample surveys, and on the availability, population coverage and suitability for statistical purposes of the information if the data are based on administrative records. The main tabulations should provide the information required to derive the core indicators specified in paragraphs 40 to 45 above.
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Artur 9.1 290 53. For the purpose of international comparisons, countries that use the country of birth as the criterion for identifying international migrants may wish to tabulate relevant populations by country of citizenship and country of previous usual residence. Similarly, countries that use the country of citizenship as the criterion for identifying international migrants may wish to tabulate relevant populations by country of birth and country of previous usual residence. Finally, countries that use change in the country of usual residence as the criterion for identifying international migrants may wish to tabulate the relevant populations by country of citizenship and country of birth.
Helena 1.1 291
Helena 1.2 292 == Data sources ==
Helena 1.1 293
Artur 15.5 294 54. Information on different aspects of international labour migration and categories of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] may come from diverse sources. These different statistical sources should be treated as complementary, to be used in combination in order to derive comprehensive sets of statistics to the extent possible. It is useful to distinguish the sources of stock and flow statistics as follows:
Helena 1.1 295
Artur 15.5 296 * (a) //sources generating stock statistics//: population censuses; household surveys, in particular [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys (especially relevant for certain groups, e.g. category 14(a) (usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]); specialized migration and demographic surveys; surveys limited to, or focused on, particular populations or domains (such as surveys near international borders, surveys of refugee camps); and establishment census and sample surveys;
Helena 14.1 297 * (b) //sources generating flow statistics//: border registrations; statistics of residence permits issued; statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) permits issued, statistics of visas issued; departure registrations; and household surveys;
Artur 9.1 298 * (c) //sources that can generate both flow and stock statistics//: population registers; household surveys, registers of foreigners; tax and social security registrations; and registrations for use of utilities (e.g. phone, electricity);
Artur 15.5 299 * (d) //other sources//: certain groups of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] who are in need of international protection may require special surveys with targeted samples due to their particular characteristics and circumstances. Appropriate administrative sources of data, where available, may supplement targeted sample surveys or may even serve as an alternative to such surveys.
Helena 1.1 300
Artur 9.1 301 == Measurement issues ==
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Artur 9.1 303 55. Within each data source, special methodologies should be developed to deal with the particular measurement issues concerning international labour migration. For example:
Helena 1.1 304
Artur 15.5 305 * (a) in measuring category 14(a) (usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], using household surveys, such as [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys, it is essential that information on migrant status and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) status be collected and matched at the level of individuals. Data collection instruments should be developed to permit such linkage;
306 * (b) similarly, in measuring returned [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] using household surveys such as [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys, data collection instruments should be developed to collect and permit linkage between data on past or last migrant status and corresponding past or last (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) status in the country of labour attachment at the level of individuals;
307 * (c) in measuring category 14(b) (not usual residents) of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], using administrative records of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) permits or survey data at the place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the country of measurement, special methodologies should be developed to avoid double‐counting of individuals (e.g. counting all admissions rather than only first‐time entries during the reference period) and to take into account situations in which the worker has multiple employers or is engaged in more than one establishment. Results may be compared with corresponding data obtained from household surveys, such as [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys conducted in the country of usual residents;
308 * (d) similarly, in measuring the inflow of for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants or the outflow of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]] using administrative sources, special care should be taken to strengthen these sources to ensure, to the extent possible, the accuracy of the information in order to adequately identify target populations;
309 * (e) finally, in measuring particular subcategories of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], such as undocumented workers or externally displaced workers living and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) in camps, special sampling procedures should be developed that are capable of capturing significant and representative samples of these elusive populations, which are often covered only partly or not at all in conventional censuses and sample surveys.
Helena 1.1 310
Artur 9.1 311 == ILO global estimates ==
Helena 1.1 312
Artur 15.5 313 56. International labour migration is a rising policy priority. To be effective, international labour migration policies must be grounded in robust evidence. For this purpose, data on the number of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], their distribution by sector of economic activity and their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) status are urgently needed. In order to fill this knowledge gap, the ILO developed a comprehensive methodology for global and regional estimates of migrant workers and generated estimates with the reference year 2013. That methodology has been further improved and used to generate new global estimates with the reference year 2017, which are due for publication in 2018 and should be updated periodically. The quality of global estimates depends on the completeness and quality of the source data available from countries, requiring persistent effort to improve those sources.
Helena 1.1 314
315 == ILO database ==
316
Artur 9.1 317 57. The ILO International Labour Migration Statistics (ILMS) database is currently hosted as a special collection within the ILOSTAT database and is freely available to users online. The database focuses on:
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Artur 9.1 319 * (a) providing an openly available, relevant and comprehensive information source to enable evidence‐based policy‐making on international labour migration;
320 * (b) mapping the existing data sources that countries collect, including their quality, scope, completeness and comparability and possible weaknesses that can be filled through capacity‐building;
321 * (d) defining a set of relevant tables on international labour migration as a standard reference‐point for future data collection and reporting, as well as for assessing ongoing capacity‐building efforts.
Helena 1.1 322
Artur 9.1 323 58. The ILO is gradually extending the ILMS database to cover all ILO member States. All data are gender‐disaggregated.
Helena 1.1 324
Artur 9.1 325 = Future actions =
Helena 1.1 326
Artur 9.1 327 == ILO methodological work ==
Helena 1.1 328
Artur 15.5 329 59. The ILO, in collaboration with interested countries, international and regional organizations, and workers’ and employers’ representatives, should continue methodological (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relating to these guidelines, in particular, on appropriate methodologies for capturing and collecting data on the main categories and subcategories of [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]], for‐(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) international migrants, and return [[international migrant workers>>doc:working:Glossary.International Migrant Workers.WebHome]]. The ILO should report the progress of its (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) to future sessions of the International Conference of Labour Statisticians, as appropriate.
Helena 1.1 330
Helena 14.1 331 60. To promote the implementation of these guidelines, the ILO should carry out its (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) through the collaborative mechanism, focused on:
Helena 1.1 332
Artur 9.1 333 * (a) wide dissemination and communication of these guidelines;
334 * (b) sharing good practices among countries;
335 * (c) technical assistance through training and capacity‐building, especially for national statistical agencies and relevant statistical services in line ministries;
Helena 14.1 336 * (d) implementation of conceptual and methodological (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
Artur 9.1 337 * (e) improved harmonization between multiple data sources, both administrative and statistical, which is essential for producing more reliable global, regional and national estimates of labour migration;
338 * (f) better coordination between users and producers of labour migration information, involving social partners when determining national and international data needs;
339 * (g) mainstreaming the labour migration module in [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys and national censuses, as appropriate, to ensure the quality of the resulting statistics, as relevant to the national context;
340 * (h) analysis and presentation of statistics on international labour migration and migrant workers, supported by appropriate technical notes;
Helena 15.1 341 * {{{(i)}}} collaboration with the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) and contribution to the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (as adopted).
Helena 1.1 342
Artur 9.1 343 == ILO technical assistance ==
Helena 1.1 344
Artur 9.1 345 61. The ILO should expand its technical assistance on labour migration statistics to support the implementation of these guidelines by member countries. Such technical assistance should include the provision of technical advice and training that are targeted to enhance national capacities, where required, and the provision of financial support to countries for labour migration data collection and analysis, to the extent possible.
Helena 1.1 346
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