Wiki source code of Resolution I: Resolution concerning statistics of the informal economy, the 21st ICLS

Last modified by Helena on 2025/07/31 14:18

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2.2	5	= Preamble =
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22.1	7	The 21st International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS),
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31.4	9	Having reviewed the relevant texts of the resolution concerning statistics of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], adopted by the 15th ICLS (1993), and the Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], endorsed by the 17th ICLS (2003),
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31.2	11	Taking into consideration the resolution concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]], adopted by the 19th ICLS (2013), the resolution concerning statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships, adopted by the 20th ICLS (2018), and the resolution concerning decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and the informal economy, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 90th Session (2002), as well as the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204), the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) (1998), as amended in 2022, and the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) (2019),
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31.2	13	Recalling the requirements of the Labour Statistics Convention, 1985 (No. 160), and the accompanying Labour Statistics Recommendation, 1985 (No. 170), and the need for coherence with other international statistical standards, particularly with regard to the System of National Accounts (SNA), [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related income, household income and expenditure and decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) indicators,
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26.2	15	Recognizing the need to revise and broaden the existing standards for statistics on the informal economy in order to: enable the better statistical measurement of various aspects of informal productive activities and of workers and economic units in the informal economy; extend the scope of the informal economy to cover all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]; describe adequately the characteristics and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions of workers with informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the characteristics of informal economic units; identify the main drivers of informality and monitor changes and transitions between the informal and formal economy; and provide guidelines on a wider set of measures than previously defined at the international level, thereby enhancing the relevance and usefulness of the standards for countries and territories (hereinafter referred to as “countries”) at all stages of development,
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26.2	17	Calling attention to the usefulness of these standards to enhance the international comparability of statistics on the informal economy, to their contribution to the measurement of decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and the well-being of households and society in general, thereby supporting and facilitating the transition from the informal to the formal economy, and to the achievement of gender equality, sustainable development and social justice,
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22.1	19	Acknowledging that the relevance of statistics on the informal economy in a given country will depend on the nature of its society, labour markets and regulations as well as user needs, and that their implementation will therefore, to a certain extent, be determined by national circumstances,
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22.1	21	Adopts this 20th day of October of 2023 the following resolution in substitution for the resolution of 1993 and for the Guidelines of 2003 cited above.
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22.1	23	= Objectives and scope =
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26.2	25	~1. This resolution aims to set standards for statistics on the informal economy to guide countries in updating, harmonizing and further developing their statistical programmes in this field. It defines the statistical concepts of informal productive activities, the informal economy, the informal market economy and informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for reference purposes and provides operational concepts, definitions and guidelines for the statistical measurement of its components. Statistics on the informal economy are concerned with: (a) whether the productive activities of workers or economic units are in law and in practice covered by formal arrangements intended to protect and regulate the actions and functions of workers and economic units, and the formal status of both the economic unit and the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationship of the worker; and (b) the degree of exposure to economic and personal risk due to a lack of effective coverage by formal arrangements.
7.2	26
22.1	27	2. In order to promote the coherence and integration of statistics from different sources on different aspects on the informal economy, the resolution provides:
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22.1	29	* (a) an overarching conceptual framework for statistics on the informal economy;
	30	* (b) definitions of distinct subsets of economic units depending on their formal status and the intended destination of their production;
31.3	31	* (c) a set of definitions of distinct subsets of informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), including [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], consistent with the [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] framework established by the latest standards on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]];
22.1	32	* (d) a set of indicators to provide further information on the diversity of characteristics, circumstances and needs of workers and economic units, their exposure to economic and personal risk, the degree of coverage by formal arrangements and the identification of prevalent forms of informality and of particular groups of policy interest; and
	33	* (e) operational concepts, definitions and guidelines for the compilation of statistics on the informal economy and the indicators.
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22.1	35	3. These standards should serve to facilitate the production of different subsets of statistics on the informal economy for different purposes as part of an integrated national system that is based on common concepts and definitions.
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22.1	37	4. Each country should aim to develop its system of statistics on the informal economy in order to provide an adequate information base for a wide range of descriptive and analytical purposes, including for (a) describing and enhancing understanding of the informal economy and (b) supporting the development of policies addressing the informal economy, while taking account of specific national needs and circumstances. Such a system should be designed to achieve a number of objectives, in particular to:
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22.1	39	* (a) describe the structure and evolution of the informal economy, allowing for the identification of groups of workers and economic units highly likely to be included and represented in the informal economy;
31.3	40	* (b) assess the situation among population groups in the formal and informal economy, such as women and men, young people, migrants and other groups of particular policy concern, and analyse the relationship between [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in relation to [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and their economic and social outcomes;
31.2	41	* (c) monitor and inform the design, implementation and evaluation of economic and social policies and programmes related to the transition from the informal economy to the formal economy, including with regard to the prevention of the informalization of formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal economic units, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] creation, productivity growth and the extension of social protection, income security, poverty reduction, gender equality and decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
31.3	42	* (d) provide a comprehensive description of the participation in and composition of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and of the degree of coverage by formal arrangements among workers in informal and formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], as well as among informal and formal economic units, including their exposure to economic and personal risks associated with the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
31.4	43	* (e) provide information on the size and composition of the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and on production inputs, including labour inputs, and outputs to create exhaustive estimates for the purposes of national accounts, including to support the construction of input-output tables and estimates of value added, the contribution of [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] activities to gross domestic product (GDP) and the productivity of the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], and for the compilation of thematic and extended accounts;
26.2	44	* (f) identify decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) deficits and evaluate the economic and social impacts arising from demographic shifts, climate change, as well as from macroeconomic changes such as fluctuations in economic cycles, digitalization or long-term changes in the size and composition of the informal economy; and
	45	* (g) provide the evidence needed to evaluate the impact and outreach of government policies aimed at protecting and regulating the actions and functions of workers in relation to paid and unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
7.2	46
26.2	47	5. To support these objectives, the standards are complemented by an associated indicator framework for countries to use, depending on national needs and objectives. This extensive and dynamic set of indicators provides additional information on the extent and nature of the informality of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and economic units and their contribution to the economy; transitions between formality and informality; the different levels and types of vulnerability or protections associated with the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) environment and personal, household or other contextual factors; and the drivers of formalization or informalization, including in wider labour, gender and social and economic contexts.
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22.1	49	6. In developing statistics on the informal economy, countries should endeavour to apply these standards in order to facilitate international comparability and to permit the evaluation of trends and structural changes for the purpose of labour market and social and economic analysis.
7.3	50
2.2	51	= Reference concepts =
1.1	52
22.1	53	7. Statistics on informality are concerned with the informal nature of (a) the productive activities of economic units and (b) the productive activities of persons, where:
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22.1	55	* (a) the concept of “productive activities of economic units” is aligned with the definition in the SNA and includes processes or activities carried out under the control and responsibility of an economic unit and that use inputs of labour, capital, goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services;
	56	* (b) the concept of “economic unit” is aligned with that defined in the SNA and distinguishes between:
23.1	57	** {{{(i)}}} market units (corporations, quasi-corporations and household market enterprises);
22.1	58	** (ii) non-market units (government and non-profit institutions serving households); and
	59	** (iii) households that produce goods or services for own final use (households);
31.2	60	* (c) the concept of “productive activities of persons” is aligned with the definition of “(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)” in the current international standards concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]]. It includes activities within the SNA production boundary as well as activities outside the SNA production boundary but inside the SNA general production boundary; and
26.2	61	* (d) (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) can be subdivided into five distinct forms:
31.1	62	** [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]];
31.2	63	** (ii) [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
31.1	64	** (iii) [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]];
22.1	65	** (iv) [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]];
31.1	66	** (v) other [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.8	67
31.1	68	8. The units that are relevant for the production of statistics on informality are persons, [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], and economic units.
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31.2	70	9. All productive activities defined as (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) can be linked to a specific [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can be categorized by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as defined in the most recent standards concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships.
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22.1	72	= The boundaries of statistics on informality =
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22.1	74	== Informal productive activities ==
1.1	75
22.1	76	10. For statistical purposes, the concept of “informal productive activities” is defined as all productive activities carried out by persons or economic units that are – in law or in practice – not covered by formal arrangements.
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22.1	78	~11. The concept includes productive activities within the SNA general production boundary that are – in law or in practice – not covered by formal arrangements as established by regulations and laws, such as:
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22.1	80	* (a) regulations that stipulate the rights and responsibilities and obligations of the economic units and the workers;
	81	* (b) commercial laws that regulate the productive activities carried out by economic units and their engagement in commercial contracts, including to safeguard their intellectual and physical property;
	82	* (c) procedures to report economic activities such as fiscal obligations in order, for example, to pay taxes or to cover [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] by social security;
31.5	83	* (d) labour laws and regulations such as those relating to freedom of association, rights to collective bargaining, paid annual leave, paid sick leave, the [[minimum wage>>doc:working:Glossary.Minimum Wage.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), social security coverage and social dialogue; and
22.1	84	* (e) procedures that regulate access to the institutional infrastructure such as , markets, governmental support mechanisms and financial institutions including banks.
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22.1	86	12. Coverage by formal arrangements in law and in practice does not merely imply having legal coverage by the formal arrangements but means that the arrangements should be effectively accessed in practice by the worker and the economic unit by fulfilling procedures that entail duties and obligations for all parties involved.
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22.1	88	== The informal economy ==
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22.1	90	13. The “informal economy” comprises all informal productive activities of persons or economic units, whether or not they are carried out for pay or profit.
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22.1	92	14. Illegal and illicit activities where the goods and services are forbidden by law are excluded from the informal economy and from other statistical concepts defined in these standards. Activities where the goods and services produced are usually legal but become illegal when carried out by unauthorized producers are to be included together with other informal productive activities in the informal economy.
7.12	93
22.1	94	15. “Informal productive activities of persons” include informal tasks and duties carried out by persons in:
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31.3	96	* (a) [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 56;
31.2	97	* (b) formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], carrying out partly informal activities, tasks and duties, as defined in paragraph 92; and
31.1	98	* (c) [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]], [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and other [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 97.
7.12	99
22.1	100	16. “Informal productive activities of economic units” include informal production carried out by:
7.12	101
31.4	102	* (a) economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 26(b); and
22.1	103	* (b) households producing for own final use, including direct [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], and production by non-formal non-profit organizations, as defined in paragraph 26(c).
7.12	104
31.2	105	17. The concept of the informal economy enables the comprehensive measurement of the informal productive activities carried out by economic units and of informal productive activities by persons in relation to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and undertaken through [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
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22.1	107	== The informal market economy ==
1.1	108
31.4	109	18. For statistical purposes, the concept of the “informal market economy” is defined as all production for pay or profit in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and all productive activities of workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] that are – in law or in practice – not covered by formal arrangements.
1.1	110
26.1	111	19. “Employed persons in the informal market economy” include:
7.14	112
31.3	113	* (a) persons in [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 56; and
31.2	114	* (b) persons in formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] carrying out partly informal activities, tasks and duties, as defined in paragraph 92.
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31.4	116	20. “Informal productive activities of economic units in the informal market economy” include production undertaken by economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 26(b).
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31.4	118	21. The narrower concept of the informal market economy includes the core concepts of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], and is essential for designing and evaluating inclusive economic and social policies that aim to improve (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions, achieve gender equality, reduce poverty, promote decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), enhance productivity, skills development and lifelong learning and support the formalization of the informal market economy.
7.14	119
22.1	120	= Informal sector, formal sector and household own-use production and community sector =
1.1	121
31.4	122	22. Two aspects of an economic unit need to be established to identify the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], the formal sector and the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector:
1.1	123
22.1	124	* (a) the intended destination of the production; and
	125	* (b) the formal status of the economic unit.
7.15	126
22.1	127	23. The intended destination reflects whether the production is mainly intended for the market with the purpose of generating a profit and income.
7.15	128
22.1	129	24. Types of production that are not intended for the market with the purpose of generating a profit and income include:
7.15	130
22.1	131	* (a) production that is mainly for own final use; and
	132	* (b) production mainly intended for the market but without an intention to generate income; and
	133	* (c) non-market production that is mainly for final use by other households.
7.15	134
22.1	135	25. The formal status of the economic unit reflects whether the unit is formally recognized by government authorities as a distinct producer of goods or services and is thus covered by formal arrangements.
7.15	136
22.1	137	26. Depending on the formal status of the economic unit and the intended destination of the production, economic units can be allocated mutually exclusively to one of the following sectors:
7.15	138
22.1	139	* (a) The formal sector, comprising economic units that are formally recognized as distinct producers of goods and services for the consumption of others and whose production is mainly intended for the market with the purpose of generating an income or profit, for a non-profit purpose, or non-market production for use by other economic units (corporations, quasi-corporations, government units, formal non-profit institutions serving households and formal household unincorporated market enterprises).
31.4	140	* (b) The [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], comprising economic units whose production is mainly intended for the market with the purpose of generating income and profit, but that are not formally recognized as producers of goods and services distinct from the [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of the owner-operators’ household (informal household unincorporated market enterprises).
22.1	141	* (c) Household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector, comprising economic units that are not formally recognized as producers of goods and services for the consumption of others, whose production is either mainly for the household’s own final use, or for the use of other households, without the purpose of generating income and profit for the producing household or households or the members of the non-formal non-profit organization (households and non-formal non-profit organizations).
7.15	142
31.4	143	27. Economic units in the formal sector, the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector may use different forms of informal paid and unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as input to their formal or informal production (table 1).
7.15	144
22.1	145	Table 1. Informal productive activities by economic units in the informal economy
1.1	146
22.1	147	[[image:1750108496541-776.png]]
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22.1	149	= Operational definitions of the three sectors =
1.1	150
4.2	151	== Formal sector ==
1.1	152
22.1	153	28. The formal sector comprises all economic units that are formally recognized as producers of goods and services and are thus covered by formal arrangements. These formal economic units are characterized by:
1.1	154
22.1	155	* (a) having a formal status as distinct producers of goods or services by:
23.1	156	** {{{(i)}}} being owned or controlled by the government; or
22.1	157	** (ii) being recognized as separate legal entities from their owners; or
	158	** (iii) keeping a complete set of accounts for tax purposes; or
	159	** (iv) being registered in a governmentally established system of registration; or
26.2	160	** (v) producing for the market and employing one or more persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
22.1	161	* (b) the intended destination of the production being:
	162	** (vi) mainly for the market with the purpose of generating an income and profit or with a non-profit purpose, or non-market production for use by other economic units.
7.22	163
22.1	164	29. For the operationalization of the criteria listed in paragraph 28(a), the requirements set out in paragraphs 30–36 below should be taken into account.
7.22	165
30.1	166	30. Economic units that are owned or controlled by the government (paragraph 28(a){{{(i)}}}): Economic units that are owned or controlled by the general government include units that are part of the central, state or local government and economic units owned and operated by the State with the purpose of producing goods and services for the population, such as state healthcare, public schools, defence, public order and safety, or producing market goods and services (public corporations). This excludes situations where the general government might control access to the market or similar but does not own and control the economic units carrying out the production.
7.22	167
22.1	168	(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H31.Economicunitsthatarerecognizedasseparatelegalentitiesfromtheirowners" %)
	169	31. Economic units that are recognized as separate legal entities from their owners (paragraph 28(a)(ii)): Economic units that are incorporated (such as a limited liability corporation or limited partnership) and therefore recognized as legal entities separate from their owner are formally recognized producers of goods and services. The incorporated status of the economic unit implies a separation of assets and income between the owner and the enterprise and a limited legal liability for the owner in relation to, for example, any debts or other obligations held by the enterprise.
1.1	170
22.1	171	32. Economic units that keep a complete set of accounts for tax purposes (paragraph 28(a)(iii)): Enterprises that keep a complete set of accounts (including balance sheets, assets, liabilities, flows of income and capital between the enterprise and the owner) for the purpose of aligning to tax regulations or other relevant regulations are defined as formally recognized enterprises and thus included in the formal sector.
1.1	172
22.1	173	33. Economic units that are registered in a governmentally established system of registration used for granting access to benefits and that carries obligations (paragraph 28 (a)(iv)): Registration implies formal recognition of the economic unit as an entity producing for the market distinct from the [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of the owner-operators’ household, irrespective of whether this separation is a de facto legal separation or a financial separation. Registration should refer to a register or registers in the given country used for granting access to benefits such as tax deductions, obtaining a separate legal identity for enterprises, granting access to statutory social insurance (if it implies a formal status of the economic unit) and carrying obligations such as paying business tax and keeping accounts. The register or registers would typically be at a national level, but could also be at a local level if the register is governmentally established and controlled, but locally administrated.
1.1	174
22.1	175	34. Depending on the national context, the existence of simplified accounts for tax purposes can be an indication of registration, if keeping these accounts implies a registration of the economic unit and thereby a formal recognition of the economic unit. In countries where registering an enterprise might not necessarily carry any obligations or benefits, there might be a need to combine different registers such as, for example, the business register and the tax register, to ensure that a certain degree of formal arrangements comes with the formal status of the economic unit.
7.25	176
22.1	177	35. In case countries have special regulations and registers targeting a specific type of production, such as agricultural activities, registration may also refer to these specialized national registers. However, registers used for purposes other than production or the operation of a business, such as those related to land tenure, are not assumed to imply the existence of a formal enterprise.
7.25	178
26.2	179	36. Economic units that employ one or more persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (paragraph 28 (a)(v)): Economic units that employ one or more persons under conditions that meet the requirements of a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], as defined in paragraphs 83–86, are considered to be formally recognized economic units and thus form part of the formal sector, unless the economic unit is a household in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector. Economic units that employ one or more persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) under conditions that meet the requirements of an informal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], as defined in paragraphs 76–80, may be defined as formal economic units, informal household unincorporated market enterprises or households, depending on the formal status of the economic unit and the intended destination of the production.
7.25	180
31.2	181	37. Formal economic units can carry out economic activities in any type of industry. The production by formal economic units is, by default, considered formal production, but could include informal productive activities carried out by persons when informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is used as input to that production. This includes formal economic units engaging informal [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], formal [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] carrying out partly informal productive activities and persons carrying out informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
1.1	182
22.1	183	== Workers in the formal sector ==
1.1	184
31.1	185	38. Persons carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the formal sector include employed persons in the formal sector, [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for a formal economic unit.
1.1	186
26.2	187	39. Persons employed in the formal sector include independent workers who own and operate a formal enterprise, dependent contractors who own and operate a formal enterprise or are registered for tax, [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and contributing family workers with informal or formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for a formal economic unit.
7.27	188
4.2	189	== Informal sector ==
1.1	190
31.4	191	40. For statistical purposes, the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] is defined as comprising economic units that are producers of goods and services mainly intended for the market to generate income and profit and that are not formally recognized by government authorities as distinct market producers and thus not covered by formal arrangements. These informal household unincorporated market enterprises are characterized by:
1.1	192
22.1	193	* (a) not having a formal status as a market producer, by:
23.1	194	** {{{(i)}}} not being owned or controlled by the government; and
22.1	195	** (ii) not being recognized as separate legal entities from their owners; and
	196	** (iii) not keeping a complete set of accounts for tax purposes; and
	197	** (iv) not being registered in governmentally established system of registration; and
26.2	198	** (v) not employing one or more persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
22.1	199	* (b) the intended destination of the production being:
	200	** (vi) mainly for the market with the purpose of generating an income and profit for the owner or owners of the enterprise.
1.1	201
22.1	202	41. For the operationalization of the criteria listed in paragraph 40(a), the requirements set out in paragraphs 30–36 should be taken into account.
7.28	203
31.4	204	42. A characteristic of informal household unincorporated market enterprises is that their production is mainly intended for the market with the purpose of generating an income or profit for the owner or owners of the enterprise. This ensures that the main purpose of an informal household market enterprise is to generate income and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for the persons concerned. Economic units with production mainly intended for own final use, or whose market production is not intended to be a source of income and profit, are therefore excluded from the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]].
7.28	205
22.1	206	43. Informal household unincorporated market enterprises can engage in production in all industries, agriculture as well as non-agriculture, insofar as the production is mainly intended for the market to generate an income and profit. All productive activities of informal household unincorporated market enterprises are, by definition, informal productive activities.
7.28	207
31.4	208	44. Informal household unincorporated market enterprises, which are thus in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], can be viewed as a subsector of the household sector as defined by the SNA. Informal household unincorporated market enterprises share characteristics with households as defined by the SNA and there is no clear separation in practice between the assets and liabilities of the informal household unincorporated market enterprise and the owners.
1.1	209
22.1	210	== Multiple informal household unincorporated market enterprises ==
1.1	211
22.1	212	45. A single household can include multiple informal household unincorporated market enterprises and may also engage in different types of production in parallel, including production for own final use and production in relation to one or more informal household unincorporated market enterprises.
1.1	213
22.1	214	46. Informal household unincorporated market enterprises can be owned and operated by one person only or in partnership with members of the same household or other households. Different unrelated market activities carried out by different household members are defined as separate informal household unincorporated market enterprises. Different unrelated market activities that involve different kinds of productive activities, as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, and different skill requirements and occupations, as defined by the International Standard Classification of Occupations, carried out by the same person can, if feasible and relevant, be defined as separate informal household unincorporated market enterprises.
7.30	215
22.1	216	== Workers in the informal sector ==
1.1	217
31.4	218	47. Persons carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] include employed persons in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for an informal household unincorporated market enterprise.
1.1	219
31.4	220	48. Persons employed in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] include independent workers who own and operate an informal household unincorporated market enterprise, dependent contractors who do not own and operate a formal economic unit and are not registered for tax, [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and contributing family workers who are employed in informal household unincorporated market enterprises.
7.31	221
22.1	222	== Household own-use production and community sector ==
1.1	223
22.1	224	49. The household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector comprises all households producing goods or services that are mainly intended for own final use or for the use of others without the purpose of generating an income or profit by undertaking direct volunteering and all non-formal non-profit organizations serving households. These units are characterized by:
1.1	225
22.1	226	* (a) not being formally recognized as distinct producers of goods or services; and
	227	* (b) the production that takes place being mainly intended for:
23.1	228	** {{{(i)}}} the own final use of the household; or
22.1	229	** (ii) the use of other households without the purpose of generating an income or profit for the members of the household or non-formal non-profit organization.
1.1	230
22.1	231	== Workers in the household own-use production and community sector ==
1.1	232
26.2	233	50. Persons carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector include:
1.1	234
26.1	235	* (a) persons employed in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector, including domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
22.1	236	* (b) household members carrying out [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods and services; and
31.1	237	* (c) [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] carrying out direct [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] or organization-based [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] for a non-profit organization that is not formally recognized.
7.33	238
26.1	239	51. Persons employed in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector include [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with informal or formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] engaged by the household to produce goods or provide services to be consumed by the household and [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] engaged by nonformal non-profit organizations.
7.33	240
22.1	241	== Subsectors of the household own-use production and community sector ==
1.1	242
22.1	243	52. The household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector may, if feasible and relevant in the national context and depending on statistical objectives, be further categorized into the pairs of dichotomous subsectors set out below.
1.1	244
22.1	245	* (a) Households producing for own final use versus non-profit organizations that are not formally recognized by the legal administrative framework of the country.
23.1	246	** {{{(i)}}} This dichotomy is relevant in relation to statistics on [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
22.1	247	** (ii) The identification of the two subsectors requires additional information on the degree of organization of the [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] carried out for use by other households.
	248	* (b) Household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector within the SNA production boundary versus household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector outside the SNA production boundary (but within the SNA general production boundary).
23.1	249	** {{{(i)}}} This dichotomy enables a comprehensive measurement of all informal productive activities in the informal economy that are within the SNA production boundary.
22.1	250	** (ii) The goods and services to include in the two different subsectors should follow the latest recommendations defining the SNA production boundary.
	251	* (c) Households and non-formal non-profit organizations with [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] versus households and non-formal non-profit organizations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
30.1	252	** {{{(i)}}} This dichotomy enables the identification of households and non-formal non-profit organizations as employers, for example households engaging domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
22.1	253	** (ii) It requires information on whether households producing for own final use and nonformal non-profit organizations engage [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and thereby constitute an employer.
	254	** (iii) If non-formal non-profit organizations are not separately identified these are to be treated as households thereby creating the dichotomy of households producing for own final use with [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] versus households without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
1.1	255
4.2	256	= Informal work =
1.1	257
26.2	258	53. Informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) consists of productive activities performed by persons that are – in law or in practice – not covered by formal arrangements. It comprises:
1.1	259
22.1	260	* (a) productive activities carried out by [[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] that are, in law or in practice, not covered by formal arrangements such as regulations and laws that stipulate the rights and responsibilities, obligations and protection of the economic units and the workers; and
	261	* (b) productive activities carried out in relation to:
31.1	262	** {{{(i)}}} [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]];
22.1	263	** (ii) [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]];
31.1	264	** (iii) [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]]; and
	265	** (v) ther [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]],
1.1	266
31.2	267	as defined by the latest standards on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and where the activities are not covered by formal arrangements such as regulations and provisions that promote or facilitate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and protect and regulate the actions and functions of the worker.
7.37	268
31.4	269	54. Persons carrying out informal productive activities in the informal economy may carry out this (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for economic units categorized in the formal sector, [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] or household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector (table 2).
1.1	270
22.1	271	Table 2. Informal productive activities by persons in the informal economy
1.1	272
22.1	273	[[image:1750109512717-464.png]]
1.1	274
4.2	275	== Informal employment ==
1.1	276
31.3	277	55. Statistics on [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] aim at:
1.1	278
31.2	279	* (a) establishing whether the productive activities defined as [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] are, in law and in practice, covered by formal arrangements and the formal status of the economic unit for which this (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is carried out; and
31.3	280	* (b) describing the structure and extent of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], identifying groups of [[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] most represented and at risk of informality, and providing information on exposure to economic and personal risks, decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) deficits and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions.
7.39	281
31.3	282	56. [[Informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] is defined as any activity of persons to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit that is -in law or in practice- not covered by formal arrangements such as commercial laws, procedures to report economic activities, income taxation, labour legislation and social security laws and regulations providing protection against economic and personal risks associated with carrying out the activities. [[Informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] comprises activities carried out in relation to informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by:
7.41	283
22.1	284	* (a) independent workers who operate and own or co-own an informal household unincorporated market enterprise;
	285	* (b) dependent contractors who do not have a formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework or whose activities are not effectively covered by formal arrangements;
31.2	286	* (c) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], if their [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship is not, in practice, formally recognized by the employer in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country or not associated with effective access to formal arrangements; and
26.2	287	* (d) contributing family workers whose (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships are not formally recognized in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country or not associated with effective access to formal arrangements.
7.41	288
23.4	289	57. All tasks and duties carried out in relation to an informal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are considered to be informal productive activities.
7.39	290
23.4	291	58. Informal productive activities performed by persons may also be carried out in relation to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], if a subset of the tasks and duties carried out are not effectively covered by formal arrangements.
7.39	292
23.4	293	59. Persons may have one or several formal or informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], or both, during a given reference period. Dependent workers have an informal or formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for each economic unit on which the worker is dependent. Independent workers have an informal or formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for each informal or formal economic unit they operate and own or co-own.
7.39	294
26.2	295	60. Employed persons with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] comprise all employed persons with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] where the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] with the longest hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) as defined in the latest international statistical standards on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]]. In the absence of information regarding hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), other information such as income from each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] could be used to identify the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.39	296
26.1	297	61. Employed persons with an informal secondary [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] comprise all employed persons with an informal second [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or additional [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.39	298
31.2	299	62. The status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] categories are defined according to the latest standard on the International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] according to type of authority.
7.39	300
31.4	301	63. Persons holding informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be categorized in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], formal sector or household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector, depending on the sector of the economic unit for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is carried out or, in the case of dependent contractors, on their formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country (table 3).
7.39	302
13.1	303	== Formal employment ==
1.1	304
31.2	305	64. Formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is defined as any activity of persons to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit in relation to a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], where the activities are effectively covered by formal arrangements. Formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] comprises productive activities carried out in relation to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by:
1.1	306
31.2	307	* (a) independent workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] who operate and own or co-own a formal economic unit;
22.1	308	* (b) dependent contractors who have a formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country and whose activities are associated with effective access to formal arrangements;
31.2	309	* (c) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], if their [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship is, in practice, formally recognized by the employer in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country and associated with effective access to formal arrangements; and
26.2	310	* (d) contributing family workers carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for a formal economic unit and whose (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships are formally recognized in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country and associated with effective access to formal arrangements.
1.1	311
26.2	312	65. Persons holding formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be categorized in the formal sector or household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector depending on the sector of the economic unit for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is carried out or, in the case of dependent contractors, on their formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country (table 3).
1.1	313
31.2	314	Table 3. Informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and sector
7.43	315
22.1	316	[[image:1750109797317-858.png]]
7.44	317
31.3	318	Note: Cells shaded in dark blue refer to [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], which, by definition, do not exist in economic units located in the specific sector. Cells shaded in light blue refer to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. [[Informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] consists of the informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in cells 1–8.
1.1	319
22.1	320	^^1^^Including employers and independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] (before ICSE-18 labelled Own-account workers).
1.1	321
22.1	322	^^2^^Including the ICSE-18-A categories 11 and 21.
1.1	323
22.1	324	^^3^^Including the ICSE-18-A categories 12 and 22.
7.46	325
22.1	326	^^4^^The sector of dependent contractors does not reflect the sector of the economic unit on which they depend but their formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country.
7.46	327
26.2	328	^^5^^The existence of formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] among contributing family workers carrying out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for an economic unit in the formal sector depends on the national context (see paragraphs 89–91).
7.46	329
22.1	330	= Operational definitions of informal and formal jobs =
1.1	331
7.47	332	== Independent workers ==
1.1	333
22.1	334	=== Informal jobs held by independent workers ===
1.1	335
23.4	336	66. Independent workers with informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are “independent workers in household market enterprises” who operate and own or co-own an informal household unincorporated market enterprise.
1.1	337
22.1	338	=== Formal jobs held by independent workers ===
1.1	339
31.2	340	67. Independent workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] who operate and own or co-own a formal economic unit. They include:
1.1	341
22.1	342	* (a) “owner-operators of corporations”; and
	343	* (b) “independent workers in household market enterprises”, who operate and own or co-own a formal economic unit.
1.1	344
7.49	345	== Dependent contractors ==
1.1	346
7.49	347	=== Informal jobs held by dependent contractors ===
1.1	348
23.4	349	68. Dependent contractors are considered to have informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if they do not have a formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country or if they do have a formal status but are not associated with any effective access to formal arrangements aimed at reducing the economic risk related to holding the specific [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
1.1	350
22.1	351	69. This includes dependent contractors that:
7.51	352
22.1	353	* (a) do not own or co-own a formal economic unit and are not registered for tax and thereby do not have a formal status; or
23.4	354	* (b) own or co-own a formal economic unit or are registered for tax, and thereby have a formal status but without effective access to formal arrangements intended to reduce the economic risk related to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.51	355
23.4	356	70. Depending on the national context, effective access to formal arrangements intended to reduce the economic risk for dependent contractors could include measures that protect their own registered company name and their physical and intellectual property, that increase their ability to obtain capital and that provide access to [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related occupational injury insurance, health insurance, paid sick leave or paid parental leave and a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related pension, or other types of formal arrangements intended to decrease the economic risk associated with the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.51	357
22.1	358	71. For the purposes of operationalization, the considerations below should be taken into account.
7.51	359
23.4	360	* (a) In countries where owning and operating a formal enterprise or being registered for tax implies effective access to such arrangements, having a registered enterprise or being registered for tax is sufficient for the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] to be considered formal, while not being registered thus defines the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as informal.
	361	* (b) In countries where the registration of the enterprise or registration for tax is not directly linked to such measures, registration in and contribution to other voluntary or mandatory statutory social insurance schemes should be used as an additional criterion to ensure that the formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by the dependent contractor carries protections aiming at reducing the economic risk holding the specific [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. The lack of such protection would thus define the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as informal.
7.51	362
7.50	363	=== Formal jobs held by dependent contractors ===
1.1	364
23.4	365	72. Dependent contractors are considered to have formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if they have a formal status in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country and have effective access to formal arrangements aimed at reducing the economic risk related to holding the specific [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
1.1	366
22.1	367	73. This includes dependent contractors that:
1.1	368
22.1	369	* (a) operate and own or co-own a formal economic unit or are registered for tax; and
	370	* (b) have effective access to formal arrangements, as defined in paragraphs 70–71.
7.55	371
23.4	372	74. Being registered for tax implies that the dependent contractor is, on their own account or through the economic unit on which they are dependent, registered for tax in relation to the profits made from the activities carried out in relation to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Depending on the national circumstances, this may refer to a register that implies registration of the worker and the activities carried out by the worker and that obliges the worker to declare the income and expenses related to carrying out the activities for tax purposes as well as any additional obligatory contributions depending on national regulations and laws.
1.1	373
31.4	374	75. The formal status of the economic unit on which the dependent contractor is dependent does not have a direct impact on the informal or formal status of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by the dependent contractor or on the categorization of dependent contractors in, respectively, the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] or the formal sector. Dependent contractors categorized in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] holding informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and dependent contractors categorized in the formal sector holding informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can thereby have a dependency on an informal economic unit, a formal economic unit or a household.
1.1	375
7.60	376	== Employees ==
1.1	377
7.60	378	=== Informal jobs held by employees ===
1.1	379
31.2	380	76. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are considered to have informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if their [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship is not, in practice, formally recognized by the employer in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country or is not effectively covered by formal arrangements such as labour legislation, social protection, income taxation or entitlement to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits.
1.1	381
23.4	382	77. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] include:
1.1	383
22.1	384	* (a) permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	385	* (b) fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	386	* (c) short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]; and
	387	* (d) paid apprentices, trainees and interns,
1.1	388
22.1	389	who do not have access to effective formal arrangements such as statutory social insurance, access to paid annual leave and paid sick leave.
1.1	390
23.4	391	78. A defining characteristic of informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] is the absence of the employer’s contribution to statutory social insurance. “Employer’s contribution to statutory social insurance” refers to whether the employer contributes fully or partly to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent statutory social insurance scheme on behalf of the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. It therefore excludes universal non-contributory social protection schemes and voluntary contributions made by the employer or [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], if this does not imply a formal status of the economic unit and the worker.
7.61	392
22.1	393	* (a) When operationalizing this criterion, countries should take the national context and social security laws into account as well as the requirements set out in paragraph 81. The operationalization should be based on one or more specific statutory social insurance schemes.
	394	* (b) Typically, the employer’s contribution to a pension fund on behalf of the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] would be relevant for operational identification. Other types of insurance, such as occupational injury insurance, health insurance or [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] insurance, could also be of relevance, depending on the national context.
7.61	395
23.4	396	79. Additional characteristics that may be relevant for the statistical identification of informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are a lack of access to paid annual leave or a lack of access to paid sick leave.
7.61	397
22.1	398	* (a) Access to paid annual leave is the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]’s entitlement and ability to take paid time off granted by the employer or to be compensated for unused annual leave. The number of days granted by the employer may vary between countries and also within the same country (for instance, between different industries and occupations), depending on national labour laws and regulations. It is not sufficient to have a legal right to paid annual leave if the worker does not have access to it in practice.
31.2	399	* (b) Access to paid sick leave is the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]’s entitlement and ability to take paid leave from [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] due to personal sickness or injury. The number of days for which the worker can receive payment during sickness or injury may vary between countries and also within the same country (for instance, between different industries and occupations), depending on national labour laws and regulations. It is not sufficient to have a legal right to paid sick leave if the worker does not have access to it in practice.
7.61	400
23.4	401	80. Depending on the national circumstances, additional characteristics such as the non-existence of a written contract, the non-deduction of income tax by the employer and the lack of access to severance pay, advanced notice of dismissal, maternity leave, paternity leave or parental leave might be relevant to support the definition of informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
7.61	402
23.4	403	81. The criteria used for defining informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] need to be further operationalized in accordance with national circumstances. The following requirements for a given criterion used should be considered:
7.61	404
23.4	405	* (a) [[Job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] specific: The criterion used must be dependent on holding a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and not universal.
	406	* (b) In relation to the legal administrative framework of the country: Meeting the criterion should reflect a formal recognition of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by the employer in relation to the legal administrative system of the country and imply that both the economic unit and the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] can be considered formal in relation to the legal administrative system of the country.
22.1	407	* (c) Capture the situation in practice: The operationalization of a given criterion should, to the extent possible, reflect that the employer in practice fulfils a given obligation.
7.61	408
26.2	409	82. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] holding an informal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can carry out activities in any type of industry, in any place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for any type of economic unit (formal, informal or a household producing for own final use).
7.61	410
	411	=== Formal jobs held by employees ===
	412
31.2	413	83. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are considered to have formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if their [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship is, in practice, formally recognized by the employer in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country and associated with effective access to formal arrangements such as labour legislation, social protection, income taxation or entitlement to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits.
1.1	414
23.4	415	84. “Employer’s contributions to statutory social insurance” on behalf of the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], as defined in paragraph 78, characterize the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] as formal.
7.65	416
23.4	417	85. Additional characteristics that may be relevant for the statistical identification of formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are access to paid annual leave and access to paid sick leave.
7.65	418
23.4	419	86. Depending on the national circumstances, additional characteristics such as the deduction of income tax by the employer on behalf of the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], eligibility for severance pay, advanced notice of dismissal and access to maternity leave, paternity leave or parental leave might be relevant to support the definition of formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
7.65	420
26.2	421	87. An [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] holding a formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by definition carries out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for a formal economic unit, unless the employer is a household in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector.
7.65	422
31.2	423	88. Like all other categories of workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], countries should ensure that formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are mutually exclusive categories. The same set of criteria should therefore be applied to define [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as formal and informal. Irrespective of any national adaptation of the operational definition, it is recommended to collect information regarding employer’s contribution to statutory social insurance, access to paid annual leave and paid sick leave to enable an assessment of the coverage of formal arrangements for [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] holding informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and to facilitate the creation of regional and global estimates.
7.65	424
22.1	425	== Contributing family workers ==
1.1	426
22.1	427	=== Informal and formal jobs held by contributing family workers ===
1.1	428
23.4	429	89. In countries where formal arrangements, such as the possibility to register and contribute to jobrelated statutory social insurance, are not available for contributing family workers, such workers can be considered to have informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by default.
1.1	430
22.1	431	90. In countries that have such formal arrangements in place for contributing family workers, these workers can be considered as having:
1.1	432
23.4	433	* (a) informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if their [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is not, in practice, formally recognized in relation to the legal administrative framework. This includes contributing family workers who:
26.2	434	** {{{(i)}}} carry out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for an informal household unincorporated market enterprise; or
23.4	435	** (ii) whose [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is not registered, or for whom contributions are not made to [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social insurance; (b) formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] if:
26.2	436	* (b) the economic unit for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is carried out is formal; and
26.1	437	** {{{(i)}}} the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is registered in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country; and
23.4	438	** (ii) contributions are made to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social insurance scheme.
1.1	439
26.1	440	91. Registration of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by the contributing family worker and contribution to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social insurance scheme implies that the worker is employed formally in that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. The type of statutory social insurance relevant for operationalizing the criterion depends on the national context but would include mandatory or voluntary statutory social insurances such as a pension fund if this implies a formal status of the worker.
1.1	441
22.1	442	=== Persons in formal employment carrying out partly informal activities ===
1.1	443
23.4	444	92. Depending on the national context and need, countries may identify the number of persons with formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] carrying out partly informal productive activities and hours spent on or [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] received from paid informal activities in relation to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
1.1	445
31.3	446	93. This would complement data on persons in [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and provide input to the SNA for a more comprehensive measurement of informal productive activities in the informal market economy.
7.70	447
31.2	448	94. Partly informal paid activities include activities in relation to formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] carried out by:
7.70	449
26.2	450	* (a) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] where part of the paid hours or tasks carried out in relation to the formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are not covered by formal arrangements, for example when [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] and hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) are not declared for taxation or mandatory [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related social contributions.
23.4	451	* (b) independent workers and dependent contractors where part of the activities carried out in relation to the formal [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are not covered by formal arrangements, for example when income is not declared for taxation.
7.70	452
26.2	453	95. Statistics on partly informal paid activities in formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can include estimates of the number of paid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) hours in formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and related [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] and income for both formal and informal activities.
7.70	454
26.2	455	96. Depending on the national context and need, statistics on paid informal activities in relation to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] should be complemented with estimates on unpaid hours for [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] whose remuneration is directly dependent on the number of hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%).
7.70	456
22.1	457	=== Informal productive activities and forms of work other than employment ===
1.1	458
31.2	459	97. (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is considered informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) if the activities are not effectively covered by formal arrangements. This comprises informal productive activities in relation to ownuse production (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and other [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] where the unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is not covered by formal arrangements such as regulations and provisions that promote or facilitate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and protect and regulate the actions and functions of the worker.
1.1	460
31.2	461	98. Measuring the informal or formal nature of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] supports the recognition and valuation of all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], essential for achieving development goals such as attaining gender equality, social inclusion and social protection and reducing poverty.
7.72	462
22.1	463	=== Informal and formal own-use production work ===
1.1	464
31.1	465	99. Informal [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] comprises activities carried out in relation to [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] that are not effectively covered by formal arrangements. It includes productive activities carried out in relation to a [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] defined according to the latest version of the International Classification of Status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) as being carried out by:
1.1	466
22.1	467	* (a) workers in own-use provision of services; and
	468	* (b) workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods,
1.1	469
26.2	470	who are not effectively covered by formal arrangements that aim to promote or facilitate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and protect and regulate their actions and functions.
1.1	471
31.1	472	100. Depending on the national context, [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] can be considered formal if the activities carried out are covered by formal arrangements in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country, such as registration of the activities, access to insurance against workrelated injuries or accidents, access to social insurance such as a pension fund, cash transfers to support the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or other measures aiming to protect the worker and regulate and facilitate the activities carried out.
7.74	473
7.80	474	=== Informal and formal volunteer work ===
1.1	475
31.1	476	101. Informal [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] comprises activities carried out in relation to [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] that are not effectively covered by formal arrangements. It includes productive activities carried out in relation to a [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] defined according to the latest version of the International Classification of Status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) as being carried out by:
1.1	477
31.1	478	* (a) direct [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]]; or
	479	* (b) organization-based [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]], when:
	480	** {{{(i)}}} the [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] carries out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for or through a non-profit organization or other economic unit that is not considered a formal economic unit; or
	481	** (ii) carries out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for or through a non-profit organization or other economic unit that is considered a formal economic unit when the [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] is not covered by formal arrangements that aim to protect the worker and regulate and facilitate the activities carried out.
7.75	482
26.2	483	102. A person carrying out informal [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] can carry out (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for a household or non-formal non-profit organization in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector, an informal household unincorporated market enterprise or a formal economic unit.
7.75	484
22.1	485	103. [[Volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] can be considered formal if:
7.75	486
31.1	487	* (a) the [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is defined as organization-based [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]]; and
26.2	488	* (b) the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is carried out in a formal economic unit; and
31.1	489	* (c) the [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] and the activities carried out are covered by formal arrangements in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country such as registration of the activities, access to insurance against (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)-related injuries or accidents and access to health insurance or other measures aiming to protect the worker and facilitate and regulate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
7.75	490
22.1	491	=== Informal and formal unpaid trainee work ===
1.1	492
31.2	493	104. Informal [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] comprises activities carried out in relation to [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] as defined by the latest standards of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] that are not effectively covered by formal arrangements aiming to protect the worker and facilitate and regulate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) carried out by worker.
1.1	494
31.1	495	105. Informal [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] can be performed by a person (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) for a household, an informal household unincorporated market enterprise or a formal economic unit.
7.75	496
31.1	497	106. [[Unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] carried out for an informal household unincorporated market enterprise is, by default, considered to be informal [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]].
7.75	498
31.1	499	107. [[Unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] carried out for a formal economic unit or an household can, depending on the national context, be considered formal if the worker and the activities carried out are covered by formal arrangements in relation to the legal administrative framework of the country, such as registration of the activities, formal recognition of the experience and skills acquired, access to social insurance and insurance against (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)-related injuries or accidents, or other measures aiming to protect the worker and facilitate and regulate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
7.75	500
22.1	501	=== Other work activities ===
1.1	502
31.1	503	108. Other [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], such as compulsory (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed without pay, can, depending on the national context, be considered formal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) if it is recognized by and conducted under the control of the national authorities and general government. If not recognized by the legal administrative framework of the country, then the activities should be considered informal.
1.1	504
22.1	505	=== Essential categories ===
1.1	506
31.2	507	109. According to the national context, countries should produce statistics on essential categories of informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], where those activities are prevalent. The identification of essential categories of informal productive activities should highlight important groups of persons engaged in informal production not intended to generate pay or profit that might be exposed to a high degree of economic risk without coverage by formal arrangements to facilitate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), protect the person and regulate the productive activities carried out by the person.
1.1	508
31.7	509	110. Essential categories of informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] include [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]] and workers carrying out informal [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]].
7.79	510
31.7	511	~111. The identification of informal [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]] in countries where this is significant is an important complement to the identification of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and contributes to creating a more comprehensive statistical picture of the structure of informality within the country. The separate identification of subsistence workers and a distinction between those who might be covered by arrangements aiming to support and facilitate the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or to extend social protection would allow an assessment of the outreach of such schemes.
7.79	512
31.1	513	112. The identification of informal [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] as an essential category of informal productive activities enables countries to provide information on the prevalence of informal and formal paid and [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]], thus facilitating a better understanding of school-to-(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) transitions and the formal and informal nature of trainees within the country.
7.79	514
26.2	515	113. Additional categories or domains of informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) can be identified, depending on the national need and context and on specific analytical or policy interest. These could include categories or domains for which there is a demand for analysis from a gender perspective, such as informal and formal care (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) across different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] or domains of particular focus, such as informal and formal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in relation to agricultural production or digital platform (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). Different analytical domains of the informal economy can be extended to other priority areas, industries and vulnerable groups.
7.79	516
22.1	517	= Data sources and guidelines for data collection =
1.1	518
22.1	519	114. The standards for statistics on the informal economy described in this resolution provide the conceptual basis for statistics on informal productive activities carried out by persons and economic units to be compiled in a harmonious and comparable manner from different data sources. The sources and data collection methods will depend on national priorities, measurement objectives and the relevant reference unit.
1.1	520
22.1	521	115. The scope of data on the informal economy to be collected at the national level should reflect national priorities. Given the broad scope of the standards, complete coverage of the desired elements might require the use of multiple sources. A close collaboration between different national institutions, including the main users of the data, national statistical offices and other national data producers, and between producers of economic statistics and labour statistics, is therefore of importance to ensure harmonization across sources and institutions.
7.81	522
22.1	523	116. Different data sources each have their own strengths and limitations and can be viewed as complementary, to provide data on different aspects of the informal economy. Regardless of the data source, in order to facilitate international comparability, data on the informal economy should be produced according to the most recent relevant ILO methodological guidance.
7.81	524
22.1	525	117. For any data source the quality of the data generated will be determined by the combination of methodologies used and concepts applied. Differences in survey sample sizes, population coverage, unit of observation, ability to apply definitions comprehensively and range of data generated, among others, will have implications in respect of precision, bias and comparability across sources. When planning the system of statistics on informality, close attention should be paid to the methodologies used to ensure that estimates generated are as representative as possible of the target population, that the coverage of indicators produced is in line with objectives, and that samples are adequate to achieve desired levels of precision.
7.81	526
22.1	527	118. To enable clear and appropriate interpretation of the statistics it is crucial that data quality is assessed and reported on transparently. Metadata describing the source, the concepts, the methodologies, and the results generated should be published alongside any published data.
7.81	528
26.2	529	119. In general, household-based surveys, particularly [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys, are important data sources for producing statistics with persons and [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as reference units. [[Labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys, generally characterized by detailed sequences of questions on the characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], are typically the recommended source of statistics for monitoring the extent of informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], assessing levels of informality and formality and levels of protection and vulnerability, identifying persons most exposed to and most represented among informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], and assessing the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions of persons in formal and informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. They are also a useful source to identify drivers of informality associated with the structure of the labour market. A combined household-establishment survey (mixed-survey, 1–2 survey or 1–2–3 survey) may be able to meet the same objectives.
7.81	530
23.4	531	120. Other household surveys, such as surveys on poverty and living standards, or household income and expenditure surveys, generally include less detailed sequences of questions on labour, and may be designed with smaller sample sizes than a typical [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] survey. When such surveys include questions to identify persons having informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] according to the criteria defined in this resolution, they can be particularly suited to the production of data to analyse the relationship between informality and the main topics covered by the survey such as poverty, the level and composition of income and expenditure, and access to social protection beyond jobrelated contributory social security.
7.81	532
31.6	533	121. Other specialized household surveys, such as time-use surveys and household-based surveys on agriculture, education and training, or specialized surveys on [[digital platform employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Platform Employment.WebHome]] and labour migration, may be better suited for the measurement of specific (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) activities, or for focusing on specific subgroups of the population. Time-use surveys can be an important source for the production of statistics on participation and time spent in informal unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) such as the own-use provision of services (in particular informal unpaid domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and care (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)). Surveys targeting specific subgroups of the population might be more appropriate for groups whose total number might be small in [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] survey samples, limiting the possibility to produce reliable statistics. It should be taken into account that the constraints of sample surveys often mean that certain groups at greater risk of informality, such as persons with a disability, migrant workers or digital platform workers, are also those likely to be under-represented in the sample.
7.81	534
31.2	535	122. National population censuses are an important source of statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and often provide the basis for designing survey samples, integrating national data sources and producing small area estimates. Including questions to classify those employed according to the formal or informal nature of their [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], can allow the generation of estimates of informality for small geographical areas as well as for small population groups. The need to limit the number of questions that can be included in most population censuses could require the number of criteria to define formal and informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] be limited to a smaller set among those defined in this resolution.
7.81	536
31.4	537	123. Economic censuses, enterprise-based surveys and mixed surveys are the main data sources for the analysis of [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] and formal sector economic units, their production and contribution to GDP, and their characteristics. In general, due attention should be paid to ensuring that the scope of activities and type of economic units covered (in terms of size, place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), economic activity and institutional sector) do not imply an exclusion of economic units likely to be informal (for example, independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], units under a certain size threshold, units carrying out agricultural activities, units with non-fixed premises or home-based activities). To achieve comprehensive coverage of [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] units, special attention should be paid to the sampling methods and frame used. The use of area-based sampling frames can be a useful method to establish an exhaustive list of units covering household-based activities and activities taking place in non-fixed locations.
1.1	538
31.4	539	124. Mixed surveys, that is combined multi-stage household and establishment surveys, are specifically designed to identify and target economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]]. Deriving their sample from a representative household survey, such as the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] survey, ensures the inclusion of all types of activities within the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], home-based activities, activities carried out from fixed locations as well as non-fixed locations. This requires an identification of economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], through their owner(s), in the first phase. Care should be taken to ensure a sufficient sized representative sample of economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]].
1.1	540
31.4	541	125. Administrative records can be used as part of an indirect estimation of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and of the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], because they provide information on formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and the formal sector. The number of persons covered by formal arrangements can, for example, be estimated in taxation systems, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] services and social security schemes. The size of the formal sector could be estimated by the use of business registers, tax registers and the like. The possibilities to do so depend on the structure and content of the country-specific administrative sources. Priority should however, in general be given to direct methods based on household surveys and enterprise-based surveys or mixed surveys for more accurate estimations of the total [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]]. Administrative information such as legal identity of the economic unit, taxation, declared [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] or income and contributions to social insurance in relation to a specific [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can also be used as relevant auxiliary information in surveys to further support the identification of formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal economic units. This requires that a direct linkage at the level of persons and [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or economic units is feasible in the country.
1.1	542
22.1	543	= Indicators =
7.81	544
22.1	545	126. To support the development of national policies and interventions for addressing the consequences of informality and facilitating transitions to formality based on evidence, a set of indicators should be selected reflecting the national context, priorities and objectives. The indicators to be produced will depend on the specific component of the informal economy under scrutiny, data sources and national policy goals. The indicators recommended in this resolution are supported by the broader Informal Economy Indicator Framework{{footnote}}Available on the ILO website{{/footnote}}, which provides a complete set of indicators and measures that might be relevant, depending on the national settings.
1.1	546
22.1	547	127. The indicators linked to the different components of the informal economy, as defined by this resolution, are structured to provide information on six dimensions of informality:
1.1	548
23.4	549	* (a) the extent of informality – the prevalence of informality across [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], economic units and activities;
31.2	550	* (b) the composition of informality – the distribution of informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and economic units by socio-demographic, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related characteristics and characteristics of the economic units and socio-demographic characteristics of the owner or owners;
31.4	551	* (c) the exposure to informality – the percentage of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and of economic units in the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] by socio-demographic, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related characteristics and characteristics of the economic units and socio-demographic characteristics of the owner or owners;
31.2	552	* (d) (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions and levels of protection for those in informal and formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], productivity and factors constraining or enhancing the development and sustainability of informal economic units and formal ones;
22.1	553	* (e) contextual vulnerabilities – including poverty, inequalities, discrimination and other conditions such as limited or no access to land and natural resources; and with regard to all income sources and social protection from all household members, as well as the composition of households.; and
	554	* (f) other structural factors.{{footnote}}Indicators relating to structural factors are not defined in the resolution as these refer to the indicators defined in the latest statistical standards on work, employment and work relationships.{{/footnote}}
1.1	555
22.1	556	== Informal employment{{footnote}}As defined in paras 56–63.{{/footnote}} ==
1.1	557
31.3	558	128. All countries are encouraged to produce headline indicators as set out below, referring to the extent (the dimension described in paragraph 127(a)) and the composition (the dimension described in paragraph 127(b)) of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and the exposure to informality (the dimension described in paragraph 127(c)), with a regular frequency for example at quarterly or yearly intervals.
1.1	559
31.2	560	* (a(Number of persons with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the percentage of informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in relation to total [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], by economic activity and by sex.
31.4	561	* (b) Number and distribution of persons with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]], formal sector, household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector{{footnote}}As defined in paras 22–27.{{/footnote}} and status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and by sex.
31.2	562	* (c) Distribution of persons with an informal or formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by socio-demographic characteristics and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related characteristics and by sex.
	563	* (d) Percentage of employed persons with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by socio-demographic and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related characteristics and by sex.
7.85	564
26.2	565	129. Depending on feasibility and on national needs and priorities, it is recommended that countries provide the indicators relating to the dimensions described in paragraph 127(d) and (e), as outlined below, with some regularity (for example, every 1–5 years). This will facilitate a better understanding of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions and contextual vulnerabilities associated with informal and formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
7.85	566
26.2	567	130. The recommended indicators for assessing levels of protection, decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) deficits associated with informality, and whether formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are associated with decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions are set out below.
7.85	568
23.4	569	* (a) Indicators to provide information on levels of protection among workers with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are:
	570	** {{{(i)}}} Percentage of independent workers, respectively, with an informal or a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who contribute on a voluntary or mandatory basis to [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social security insurance.
	571	** (ii) Percentage of contributing family workers, respectively, with an informal or a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who contribute on a voluntary or mandatory basis to [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social security insurance.
	572	** (iii) Percentage of dependent contractors, respectively, with an informal or a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who contribute on a voluntary or mandatory basis to [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related statutory social security insurance.
31.2	573	** (iv) Percentage of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that have effective access to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits such as paid annual leave and paid sick leave or other relevant national [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits.
23.4	574	** (v) Percentage of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with an informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that hav
31.2	575	** e effective access to some [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits such as paid annual leave or paid sick leave or other relevant national [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] benefits.
26.2	576	* (b) Indicators to provide information on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) conditions among workers with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are:
31.2	577	** {{{(i)}}} Monthly and hourly average [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] income among workers with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
31.5	578	** (ii) Percentage of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] earning less than the defined benchmarks (for example, the [[minimum wage>>doc:working:Glossary.Minimum Wage.WebHome]] or 50 per cent of the median wage), by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
31.2	579	** (iii) Distribution of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by type and duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement.
	580	** (iv) Distribution of persons with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
	581	** (v) Distribution of persons with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by actual hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) (hour bands) in main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] per week and by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
	582	** (vi) Average number of actual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) per week in main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by persons with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
	583	** (vii) Time-related under-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] among workers (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) less than a set number of hours with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
	584	** (viii) Percentage of persons with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] affiliated to a union, a professional organization, a workers’ association or a member-based organization of workers, by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
26.2	585	** (ix) Percentage of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] covered by one or more collective agreements where applicable.
27.1	586
31.3	587	131. The set of indicators in paragraphs 128 and 130 should be provided in reference to the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Depending on national needs and objectives, the indicators can also be applied with informal and formal secondary [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as reference. By convention, the terms “informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]” and “formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]” may be replaced by the terms “[[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]]” and “formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]” when producing and presenting the indicators.
7.85	588
23.4	589	132. Specific indicators in relation to informal second [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can be produced for all workers or in relation to some specific type of activities likely to be carried out as secondary activities, depending on feasibility and national needs as set out below:
27.1	590
31.2	591	* (a) Percentage of persons with informal second [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
27.1	592	* (b) Percentage of persons with informal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] with informal second [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	593
22.1	594	133. To provide contextual information on the degree of vulnerability within households, the indicators set out below are recommended.
7.85	595
31.2	596	* (a) Percentage of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] who are living in households with at least one household member in formal [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
27.1	597	* (b) Percentage of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] who are living in households with at least one household member contributing to social security.
	598	* (c) Percentage of persons with respectively informal and formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] who are living in households below the national poverty threshold.
	599	* (d) Percentage of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], living in poor households and non-poor households.
	600
22.1	601	== Partly informal productive activities{{footnote}}As defined in paras 92–96.{{/footnote}} ==
1.1	602
23.4	603	134. To the extent it is considered a national priority to measure partly informal productive activities in relation to formal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] the following indicators are recommended:
1.1	604
23.4	605	* (a) Percentage of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] where a part of the paid hours and [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] is not declared for taxation or mandatory [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-related social security contributions.
	606	* (b) Volume or monetary value of partly informal paid hours from [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	607	* (c) Percentage of respectively independent workers and dependent contractors in a formal main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] where part of their income is not declared for taxation.
	608	* (d) Monetary value of partly informal productive activities carried out respectively by independent workers and dependent contractors in relation to formal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
1.1	609
22.1	610	== Essential categories of informal work other than employment{{footnote}}As defined in paras 109–113.{{/footnote}} ==
1.1	611
31.7	612	135. In countries where [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]] or [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] are significant, countries are recommended to provide information about the levels of participation in these essential categories of informal unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as described below.
1.1	613
31.7	614	* (a) The number of informal [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]] and percentages in relation to: {{{(i)}}} the sum of persons with informal main [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]]; and (ii) total employed persons and [[subsistence foodstuff producers>>doc:working:Glossary.Subsistence Foodstuff Producers.WebHome]].
31.1	615	* (b) The number of informal [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and percentage in relation to total [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]].
22.1	616	* (c) The number of informal trainees, paid and unpaid, and percentage in relation to total trainees, paid and unpaid.
1.1	617
22.1	618	== Informal sector{{footnote}}As defined in para. 26(b){{/footnote}} ==
1.1	619
31.4	620	136. The indicators referring to the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] are organized around the reference units of economic units. They reflect the extent (the dimension described in paragraph 127(a)) and the composition (the dimension described in paragraph 127(b)) of informal household unincorporated market enterprises, the exposure to informality (the dimension described in paragraph 127(c)) and productivity (the dimension described in paragraph 127(d)). The recommended indicators are set out below.
1.1	621
22.1	622	* (a) Number and percentage of informal household unincorporated market enterprises in relation to the total number of economic units in the informal and formal sector, by economic activity.
	623	* (b) Distribution of informal household unincorporated market enterprises and formal economic units by economic unit characteristics and by socio-demographic characteristics of the owner or owners.
	624	* (c) Percentage of informal household unincorporated market enterprises in relation to economic unit characteristics and by socio-demographic characteristics of the owner or owners.
	625	* (d) Value added and output in informal household unincorporated market enterprises compared to formal economic units per worker, by economic activity.
1.1	626
22.1	627	== Contribution of the informal economy to GDP ==
1.1	628
22.1	629	137. The types of indicators covering the contribution of the informal economy to GDP are organized around the reference units of economic units and productive activities of persons. They reflect the extent of the informal production (the dimension described in paragraph 127(a)) and the productivity of economic units in the informal economy (the dimension described in paragraph 127(d)). The indicators produced should cover the following components:
1.1	630
31.4	631	* (a) Contribution of the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] to GDP, by economic activity.
22.1	632	* (b) Contribution of informal production in the household [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and community sector within the SNA production boundary to GDP.
31.2	633	* (c) The contribution by informal [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], formal [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] carrying out partly informal productive activities and persons carrying out informal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] to the production by economic units in the formal sector.
1.1	634
22.1	635	138. The indicators included in this resolution are supported by the Informal Economy Indicator Framework, which includes additional indicators to further support the national production of informality statistics for analysis and use in policymaking.
1.1	636
22.1	637	== Disaggregation and analysis ==
1.1	638
22.1	639	139. Indicators should be produced for the overall target population and for specific categories of workers or economic units relevant to areas of policy concern, such as persons with disabilities, migrant workers, home-based workers, digital platform workers, micro and small economic units or workers and economic units in specific sectors. The range of indicators that can be generated and degree of possible disaggregation will depend on the sample design of the data source and the statistical precision of the estimates.
1.1	640
26.2	641	140. When producing and analysing these indicators, particular attention should be paid to the gendered dimensions of informality. A high demand for gender data calls for the systematic disaggregation by sex of all indicators related to persons and [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], and all enterprise-related indicators related to the owner or owners of the economic units. Further to disaggregation, the indicator framework includes specific gender indicators, such as the gender pay gap, time spent on unpaid domestic and care (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), and the situation of workers in male or female-dominated economic activities, occupations or places of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). Further guidance on measuring informality from a gender perspective is available from the ILO through published guides and technical support.
1.1	642
31.2	643	141. Indicators related to persons and [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] should be disaggregated by sex and by other relevant socio-economic characteristics, including by age, educational level, area of residence (urban or rural) and geographical region. Indicators should also be disaggregated by [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related characteristics, including status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], economic activity, occupation, place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), size of enterprise, duration of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement and number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] (hour bands). Where sample size and the representativeness of results allow, it is recommended to have multiple levels of disaggregation to highlight intersectionality. The accompanying indicator framework provides more guidance on recommended disaggregation.
1.1	644
26.2	645	142. Indicators related to economic units should be disaggregated by industry of economic activity, size of enterprise (number of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and business owners), level of output or sales, level of output or of value added per worker, level of profits and place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). They should also be disaggregated by the socio-demographic characteristics of the owner or owners, including sex, age, educational level, area of residence (urban or rural) and geographical region, as relevant in the country. The accompanying indicator framework provides more guidance on recommended disaggregation.
8.1	646
1.1	647	----
	648
	649	{{putFootnotes/}}

Wiki source code of Resolution I: Resolution concerning statistics of the informal economy, the 21st ICLS

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