Wiki source code of Resolution I. Resolution concerning statistics on work relationships, the 20th ICLS

Last modified by Helena on 2025/07/31 14:20

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11.11	1	{{box title="Contents"}}
	2	{{toc/}}
	3	{{/box}}
	4
	5	= Preamble =
	6
	7	The 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians,
	8
13.1	9	Having reviewed the relevant texts of the resolution concerning the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE), adopted by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (January 1993),
11.11	10
15.2	11	Taking into consideration the resolution concerning statistics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]] adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) (2013), and the resolution concerning the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] adopted by the 18th ICLS (2008), as well as the Home (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) Convention, 1996 (No 177), Private [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] Agencies Convention, 1997 (No 181) and the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No 189) adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization,
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15.2	13	Recalling the requirements of the Labour Statistics Convention, 1985 (No. 160), and the accompanying Labour Statistics Recommendation, 1985 (No. 170), and the need for coherence with other international statistical standards, particularly with regard to the system of national accounts, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related income, and (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the informal economy,
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15.2	15	Recognizing the need to revise and broaden the existing standards for statistics on status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in order to enable better statistical measurement of various aspects of the relationships between workers and the economic units for which their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed; to adequately monitor changes in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements and forms of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]; to extend the scope of statistical standards on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships to cover all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]; and to provide guidelines on a wider set of measures than previously defined internationally, thereby enhancing the relevance and usefulness of the standards for countries and territories (hereinafter referred to as “countries”) at all stages of development,
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	17	Calling attention to the usefulness of these standards to enhance the international comparability of statistics on workers’ contractual situations, to their contribution to the measurement of decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and of well-being of households and society in general, thereby supporting and facilitating the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as well as to the achievement of gender justice,
	18
	19	Acknowledging that the relevance of statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships in a given country will depend on the nature of its society, labour markets and regulations as well as user needs, and that their implementation will therefore, to a certain extent, be determined by national circumstances,
	20
	21	Adopts this 19th day of October 2018 the following resolution in substitution for the resolution of 1993 and for paragraph 25 of the resolution of 2013 cited above.
	22
	23	= Objectives and scope =
	24
15.2	25	~1. The standards set by this resolution aim to guide countries in updating, harmonizing and further developing their statistical programmes that include information on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships. Statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships are concerned with: (a) the authority relationships between persons who (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and the economic units in which or for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed; and (b) the economic risks that follow from the contractual or other conditions under which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed. These statistics can relate to all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], including [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]], [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] and other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]].
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	27	2. These standards should facilitate the production of national statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships for various purposes as part of an integrated national system of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) statistics based on common concepts and definitions that are aligned with the current international standards and guidelines for statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS).
	28
	29	3. In order to promote the coherence and integration of statistics from different sources on multiple characteristics of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships, the resolution provides:
	30
	31	* (a) an overarching conceptual framework for statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships;
15.2	32	* (b) a revised International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (to be designated ICSE 18);
11.11	33	* (c) an International Classification of Status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) (to be designated ICSaW) as a reference classification covering all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]];
	34	* (d) a set of cross-cutting variables and categories that are not reflected in the status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) categories, in order to provide information on characteristics associated with the degree of stability and permanence of a particular (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangement, and allow the identification of particular groups of policy interest; and
15.2	35	* (e) operational concepts, definitions and guidelines for the collection and compilation of statistics on status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and the cross-cutting variables.
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15.1	37	4. The characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that are relevant and of interest for statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships vary depending on the [[form of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] and on the analytical purposes of the statistics. Some of the concepts, variables, classification schemes and categories described in these standards are relevant, therefore, only for certain [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]. Others should be applied to all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]].
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	39	5. Each country should aim to develop its statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships in order to provide an adequate information base for a wide range of descriptive and analytical purposes, taking account of specific national needs and circumstances, in order to provide information on:
	40
	41	* (a) the nature of the economic risks and authority experienced by workers, the strength and nature of their attachment to the economic unit in which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), and the impact of economic and social changes on their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
15.2	42	* (b) the impact of government policies in relation to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] creation, promotion of enterprise, and labour market regulation on the nature of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the quality of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]];
11.11	43	* (c) the impact of government policies and regulation in relation to unpaid [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]];
15.2	44	* (d) the extent to which engagement in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and participation in other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] provide access to social protection and income security;
15.4	45	* (e) wages, [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] and [[labour costs>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]];
15.2	46	* (f) the fiscal impact of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in various types of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships;
11.11	47	* (g) socio-economic status;
13.1	48	* (h) the volume of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or labour inputs for national production accounts, separately for workers employed for pay and workers employed for profit;
	49	* {{{(i)}}} participation in different types of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships among population groups such as women and men, young people, children, migrants and other groups of particular policy concern; and
11.11	50	* (j) the relationships between different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] arrangements and their economic and social outcomes.
	51
	52	6. In developing statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships, countries should endeavour to apply these standards to assess trends and structural changes for the purpose of labour market, economic and social analysis and to facilitate international comparability.
	53
	54	= Reference concepts =
	55
	56	== Statistical units ==
	57
15.1	58	7. The units that are relevant for the production of statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships are persons, [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and economic units.
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15.1	60	8. A [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is defined as a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be performed, by one person for a single economic unit:
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15.2	62	* (a) The term //[[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]// is used in reference to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. This statistical unit, when relating to [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]], [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] is referred to as //[[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].//
	63	* (b) Persons may have one or several [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] during a given reference period. In statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is that with the longest hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), as defined in the current international statistical standards on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]]. In the absence of information regarding hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), other information such as income from each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] could be used as a proxy for identifying the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
13.1	64	* (c) Those employed as independent workers have as many [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as the economic units they own or co-own, irrespective of the number of clients served.
	65	* (d) For those employed as dependent workers the set of tasks should be considered to be performed for the economic unit on which the worker is dependent. Where a worker is dependent on more than one economic unit a separate [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is defined for each economic unit on which the worker is dependent.
15.1	66	* (e) Separate [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are defined when a person is engaged in both [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods and own-use provision of services for the same household. This allows the identification of [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] within and beyond the production boundary in the System of National Accounts (SNA).
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15.2	68	9. Since statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships refer primarily to characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in specific economic units, persons may have as many (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships as they have [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in economic units. Since some types of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationship and some forms of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] may be more prevalent in secondary activities than in the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships in secondary and other [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are necessary to gain a full understanding of the extent of all types of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationship, including those associated with non-standard forms of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and new and emerging [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]].
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15.2	70	10. Two characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are relevant to differentiate them according to status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], and to arrange them into aggregate groups. These are the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise in relation to the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed and the type of economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
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	72	== Type of authority ==
	73
	74	~11. The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent. //Since workers within each of these broad categories may, in practice, have greater or lesser degrees of authority and dependence, there is to a certain extent a continuum between dependent and independent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).// //
	75
	76	=== Independent workers ===
	77
15.2	78	12. Independent workers own the economic unit for which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and control its activities. They make the important strategic and operational decisions about the economic unit for which their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed and the organization of their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), are not accountable to or supervised by other persons, nor are they dependent on a single other economic unit or person for access to the market, raw materials or capital items. They may (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for others. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs.
11.11	79
	80	=== Dependent workers ===
	81
15.2	82	13. Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). If they are in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for profit they have no [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
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	84	== Type of economic risk ==
	85
	86	14. //Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
	87
	88	15. Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
	89
	90	* (a) the existence and nature of remuneration for the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed;
15.1	91	* (b) the degree of stability or permanence of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]; and
11.11	92	* (c) the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	93
15.2	94	16. In statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for profit //or// in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected:
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	96	* (a) in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
	97	* (b) based on time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%);
	98	* (c) by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
	99	* (d) as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
	100
	101	=== Workers in employment for profit ===
	102
15.7	103	17. //[[Workers in employment for profit>>doc:working:Glossary.Workers in Employment for Profit.WebHome]]// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%).
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15.7	105	18. Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from [[workers in employment for profit>>doc:working:Glossary.Workers in Employment for Profit.WebHome]]. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
11.11	106
	107	=== Workers in employment for pay ===
	108
15.6	109	19. [[Workers in employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Workers in Employment for Pay.WebHome]] are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) or for each piece or service produced. They include both [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and owner-operators of corporations who hold a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
11.11	110
	111	= The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) =
	112
15.2	113	20. The International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (ICSE-18) classifies [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
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15.2	115	21. Both hierarchies for status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
11.11	116
	117	== International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) ==
	118
	119	22. ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
	120
	121	//Independent workers// are classified into the following groups:
	122
	123	A. Employers:
	124
	125	11 – Employers in corporations.
	126
	127	12 – Employers in household market enterprises.
	128
	129	B. Independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]:
	130
	131	21 – Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	132
	133	22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	134
	135	//Dependent workers// are classified into the following groups:
	136
	137	C. Dependent contractors:
	138
	139	30 – Dependent contractors.
	140
	141	D. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]:
	142
	143	41 – Permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	144
	145	42 – Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	146
	147	43 – Short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	148
	149	44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns.
	150
	151	E. Contributing family workers:
	152
	153	51 – Contributing family workers.
	154
15.2	155	23. ICSE-18-A is suitable for various types of labour market analysis, including analysis of the impact of economic cycles on the labour market, and of government policies related to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] creation and regulation. It is also the most suitable hierarchy for use as an input variable in the compilation of statistics classified by socio-economic status.
11.11	156
	157	== Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R) ==
	158
15.2	159	24. ICSE-18-R provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for pay and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for profit. This latter dichotomy is analogous to the traditional distinction between paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], used for example in the SNA.
11.11	160
15.7	161	//[[Workers in employment for profit>>doc:working:Glossary.Workers in Employment for Profit.WebHome]]// are classified into the following groups:
11.11	162
	163	Independent workers in household market enterprises:
	164
	165	12 – Employers in household market enterprises.
	166
	167	22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	168
	169	C. Dependent contractors:
	170
	171	30 – Dependent contractors.
	172
	173	E. Contributing family workers:
	174
	175	51 – Contributing family workers.
	176
15.6	177	//[[Workers in employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Workers in Employment for Pay.WebHome]]// are classified into the following groups:
11.11	178
	179	Owner-operators of corporations:
	180
	181	11 – Employers in corporations.
	182
	183	21 – Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	184
	185	D. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]:
	186
	187	41 – Permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	188
	189	42 – Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	190
	191	43 – Short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	192
	193	44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns.
	194
15.4	195	25. ICSE-18-R is suitable for the provision of data for national accounts, for the identification of wage [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and its distribution, for the analysis from the perspective of economic risk of the impact of economic cycles and government on the labour market, and for the production and analysis of statistics on wages, [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] and [[labour costs>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]].
11.11	196
	197	= Definitions and explanatory notes for categories in the two hierarchies of the International Classification of Status in Employment =
	198
	199	== A. Employers ==
	200
15.2	201	26. Employers own the economic unit in which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and control its activities on their own account or in partnership with others, and in this capacity employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] on a regular basis. //If there is a need to test for regularity, this’ should be interpreted as having at least one [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] during the reference period and at least two of the three weeks immediately preceding the reference period, even if one or more [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] were engaged only for a short period. //In statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], they include:
11.11	202
	203	11 – Employers in corporations.
	204
	205	12 – Employers in household market enterprises.
	206
	207	=== 11 – Employers in corporations ===
	208
13.1	209	27. //Employers in corporations// are workers who are owner-operators of corporations in which they employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] on a regular basis.
11.11	210
	211	=== 12 – Employers in household market enterprises ===
	212
13.1	213	28. //Employers in household market enterprises// are workers who, alone or with one or more partners, operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, and who, employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but excluding themselves, their partners and contributing family workers) to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in that enterprise as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] on a regular basis.
11.11	214
	215	== B. Independent workers without employees ==
	216
15.2	217	29. //Independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] //operate an economic unit alone or in partnership with others, and do not employ any persons other than themselves, their partners, and contributing family workers to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the economic unit on a regular basis as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. In statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] they include:
11.11	218
	219	21 – Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	220
	221	22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	222
	223	=== 21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees ===
	224
13.1	225	30. //Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]// are workers who hold a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as owner-operator of a corporation in which they do not employ any persons (other than themselves, their partners and contributing family workers) to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the enterprise on a regular basis as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
11.11	226
	227	=== 22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees ===
	228
13.1	229	31. Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers, and do not employ any persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the enterprise on a regular basis as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
11.11	230
	231	== F. Independent workers in household market enterprises ==
	232
	233	32. Independent workers in household market enterprises are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers. They may or may not be able to provide a complete set of accounts for the activities of the enterprise. They include:
	234
	235	12 – Employers in household market enterprises.
	236
	237	22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	238
	239	== G. Owner-operators of corporations ==
	240
	241	33. //Owner-operators of corporations// are workers who hold a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in an incorporated enterprise (such as a limited liability corporation or limited partnership,) in which they:
	242
	243	* (a) hold controlling ownership of the enterprise alone, or together with other members of their families and/or one or a few partners; and
	244	* (b) have the authority to act on behalf of the enterprise with respect to contracts with other organizations and the hiring and dismissal of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], subject to national legislation regulating such matters and the rules established by the elected or appointed board of the corporation.
	245
	246	“Controlling ownership” should be interpreted as having a decisive vote or veto on the appointed or elected board of the corporation or in meetings of shareholders, rather than necessarily holding an absolute majority of the shares.
	247
	248	34. Owner-operators of corporations include:
	249
	250	11 – Employers in corporations.
	251
	252	21 – Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	253
	254	== C. Dependent contractors ==
	255
15.2	256	35. Dependent contractors are workers who have contractual arrangements of a commercial nature (but not a contract of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]) to provide goods or services for or through another economic unit. They are not [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of that economic unit, but are dependent on that unit for organization and execution of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), income, or for access to the market. They are workers employed for profit, who are dependent on another entity that exercises control over their productive activities and directly benefits from the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed by them.
11.11	257
	258	* (a) Their dependency may be of an operational nature, through organization of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and/or of an economic nature such as through control over access to the market, the price for the goods produced or services provided, or access to raw materials or capital items.
	259	* (b) The economic units on which they depend may be market or non-market units and include corporations, governments and non-profit institutions which benefit from a share in the proceeds of sales of goods or services produced by the dependent contractor, and/or benefit when the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed by dependent contractors may otherwise be performed by its [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	260	* (c) The activity of the dependent contractor would potentially be at risk in the event of termination of the contractual relationship with that economic unit.
	261
13.1	262	36. A defining characteristic of dependent contractors is that they are employed for profit and paid by way of a commercial transaction. They are therefore usually responsible for arranging their own social insurance and other social contributions. Depending on national circumstances, the entity on which the worker is dependent does not withhold income tax for them. One or more of the following characteristics may be relevant for their identification in statistical collections, depending on the national context:
11.11	263
	264	* (a) their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is organized or supervised by another economic unit as a client, or as an entity that mediates access to clients;
	265	* (b) the price paid for the goods produced or services provided is determined by the client or an intermediary;
	266	* (c) access to raw materials, equipment or capital items is controlled by the client or an intermediary;
	267	* (d) their actual (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) arrangements or conditions closely resemble those of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	268
15.2	269	37. Included among dependent contractors are dependent workers who do not have a contract of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], and
11.11	270
	271	* (a) are paid only by the piece or commission, and do not benefit from social contributions paid by the economic unit paying for the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%); or
	272	* (b) are paid only by gratuities (tips) from clients.
	273
	274	38. Excluded from dependent contractors are workers who:
	275
15.2	276	* (a) have a contract of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (formal, informal, or implicit) with the entity on which they are dependent; or
13.1	277	* (b) are paid a wage or salary for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%); or
	278	* (c) employ one or more other persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for them on a regular basis as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]; or
11.11	279	* (d) operate an incorporated enterprise.
	280
	281	39. Two subgroups of dependent contractors may be identified if feasible and relevant in the national context:
	282
15.2	283	* (a) workers who provide their labour to others but have contractual arrangements corresponding to those of self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]; and
11.11	284	* (b) workers who have committed significant financial or material assets to the unincorporated enterprise which they own and operate, but do not have full control or authority over their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or the activities of the enterprise.
	285
	286	40. Identification of the two subgroups of dependent contractors requires additional information on the nature of the financial or material resources committed by the worker.
	287
	288	== D. Employees ==
	289
13.1	290	41. //[[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]// are workers employed for pay, on a formal or informal basis, who do not hold controlling ownership of the economic unit in which they are employed. They are remunerated in cash or in kind in return for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) or, in some cases, for each task or piece of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) done or for services provided including sales (by the piece or commission). Payment for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) is the typical mode of remuneration. Payment in kind is generally received in the form of goods. Where payment is received in the form of services, this is generally complementary to payment in cash.
11.11	291
13.1	292	42. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] may be employed in market units, non-market units and households producing goods and/or services mainly for own consumption. They may hold shares in the economic unit in which they are employed, or have authority over aspects of the operations of the economic unit as [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with management responsibilities but do not hold controlling ownership of the enterprise. They are accountable to a third party within the economic unit such as a person or board.
11.11	293
	294	43. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] include the following specific groups among others:
	295
15.2	296	* (a) workers who have been engaged on terms corresponding to those of paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] when the employing organization has entered into a contract only with an intermediary such as a crew leader or organizing agent, and not with the individual worker who is an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of the intermediary;
11.11	297	* (b) worker-members of cooperatives who are paid for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) or for each task or piece of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) done; and
13.1	298	* (c) informally employed workers without a commercial contract who are paid for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked
11.11	299
15.2	300	44. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] exclude workers without a formal, informal or implicit contract of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (or in the absence of information about the nature of the contract) who are:
11.11	301
	302	* (a) paid only by the piece or commission; or
	303	* (b) paid according to a commercial contract for the provision of goods or services
	304
15.2	305	45. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] may be further disaggregated according to the nature of the contractual arrangements for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], the degree of permanency of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship and the stability of the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] available to the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], to form the following groups:
11.11	306
	307	41 – Permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	308
	309	42 – Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	310
	311	43 – Short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	312
	313	44 – Paid trainees, apprentices and interns.
	314
	315	=== 41 – Permanent employees ===
	316
15.5	317	46. //Permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] //are [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and are employed on an ongoing or indefinite basis. They are full-time or [[part-time workers>>doc:working:Glossary.Part-Time Worker.WebHome]] employed for pay, in formal or informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who have [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements whereby:
11.11	318
15.2	319	* (a) there is no specified date or event on which [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in a particular economic unit will be terminated other than any age or time for retirement that may apply in that economic unit;
11.11	320	* (b) the employer agrees to provide (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and pay for a specified number of hours or to pay for the number of goods or services produced in a set period; and
	321	* (c) the worker agrees to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services.
	322
	323	47. This group includes recently appointed [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that are subject to an initial trial period but are expected to continue indefinitely.
	324
	325	=== 42 – Fixed-term employees ===
	326
13.1	327	48. //Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]// are [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and are employed on a time-limited basis for a period of three months or more. They are full-time or parttime workers employed for pay, in formal or informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who have arrangements whereby:
11.11	328
15.2	329	* (a) there is a specified date, other than any age or time for retirement, on which the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] will be terminated, or an event such as the end of the harvest or completion of a construction or other project, which will lead to termination of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]];
	330	* (b) the total duration of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is expected to be at least three months from the first day of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] to the expected final day of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]];
11.11	331	* (c) the employer agrees to provide (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and pay for a specified number of hours, or to pay for the number of goods or services produced, in a set period; and
	332	* (d) the worker agrees to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services. // //
	333
	334	49. Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] include:
	335
15.2	336	* (a) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with fixed-term contracts of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with a duration of three months or more; and
	337	* (b) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] will have a duration of at least three months but not of an indefinite nature.
11.11	338
15.2	339	50. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns with fixed-term [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements are excluded from this group.
11.11	340
	341	=== 43 – Short-term and casual employees ===
	342
15.2	343	51. Short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] are [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with short-term [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements and/or without a guaranteed minimum number of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) per pay period. They are workers employed for pay, in formal or informal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], who have arrangements whereby:
11.11	344
	345	* (a) there is no guarantee to offer (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or to perform (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) during a set period; or
15.2	346	* (b) the arrangement is of a short-term nature, with a duration of less than three months from the first day of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] to the expected final day of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
11.11	347
	348	52. This category includes two groups which may be separately identified if relevant in national circumstances: //short-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] //and //casual and intermittent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]~://
	349
13.1	350	* (a) //short-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] //are those who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and are employed on a time-limited basis with an expected duration of less than three months. They include:
15.2	351	** {{{(i)}}} [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with contracts of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with a duration of less than three months;
	352	** (ii) [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] will be of a duration of less than three months; and
	353	* (b) //casual and intermittent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] //are those who have no guarantee of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for a certain number of hours during a specified period but may have arrangements of an ongoing or recurring nature. Depending on national circumstances and specific contractual arrangements pertaining to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], this group includes [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] engaged on a casual or intermittent basis, workers on zero-hours contracts, [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] who are only paid when called in to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), and workers hired on a day-to-day basis.
11.11	354
15.2	355	53. Unless the total duration of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangement is less than three months, short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] exclude:
11.11	356
15.2	357	* (a)workers with on-call (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements who are guaranteed a specified amount of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] per pay period; and
11.11	358	* (b) workers who are guaranteed to be offered (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and to be paid for at least one hour per week.
	359
15.2	360	54. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns with short-term [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements are excluded from this group.
11.11	361
	362	=== 44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns ===
	363
	364	55. //Paid apprentices, trainees and interns// are [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] who perform any activity to produce goods or provide services for others, in order to acquire workplace experience or skills in a trade or profession and receive payment in return for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed. Acquiring “workplace experience or skills” may occur through traditional, formal or informal arrangements whether or not a specific qualification or certification is issued. They are usually remunerated at a reduced rate compared to fully qualified workers. They include persons involved in:
	365
	366	* (a) paid formal or informal traineeships, apprenticeships, internships or other types of programmes, according to national circumstances; and
15.2	367	* (b) paid skills training or retraining schemes within [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] promotion programmes, when engaged in the production process of the economic unit for which they (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
11.11	368
	369	56. They exclude workers who are:
	370
	371	* (a) undergoing periods of probation associated with the start of a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
15.2	372	* (b) undertaking general on-the-[[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] training or life-long learning while in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]];
11.11	373	* (c) (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) without pay; and
	374	* (d) contributing family workers who are undertaking training while (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) in an enterprise operated by a family or household member.
	375
	376	== E. Contributing family workers ==
	377
13.1	378	57. //Contributing family workers// assist a family member or household member in a market-oriented enterprise operated by the family or household member, or in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in which the assisted family or household member is an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] or dependent contractor. They do not receive regular payments, such as a wage or salary, in return for the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed, but may benefit in kind or receive irregular payments in cash as a result of the outputs of their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) through family or intra-household transfers, derived from the profits of the enterprise or from the income of the other person. They do not make the most important decisions affecting the enterprise or have responsibility for it.
11.11	379
	380	= International Classification of Status at Work (ICSaW-18) =
	381
15.2	382	58. The International Classification of Status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) (ICSaW-18) provides an organizing framework for statistics classified by status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) from various sources. It is not expected that all of its categories will be collected with the same frequency or used for the presentation of statistics from any particular source. It covers all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in all [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], including [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]], [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] and other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]. It comprises, at its most detailed level, 20 mutually exclusive categories, defined on the basis of the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise and the type of economic risk to which he or she is exposed in a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
11.11	383
	384	59. The detailed status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) categories may be aggregated, based on the type of authority exercised by the worker, to form eight broad groups which may be further aggregated to form a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers, according to the following hierarchy.
	385
	386	Independent workers
	387
	388	~1. Employers:
	389
	390	11 – Employers in corporations.
	391
	392	12 – Employers in household market enterprises.
	393
	394	13 – Employers in own-use provision of services.
	395
	396	14 – Employers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
	397
	398	2. Independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]:
	399
	400	21 – Owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	401
	402	22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	403
	404	23 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	405
	406	24 – Independent workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	407
15.1	408	25 – Direct [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	409
	410	Dependent workers
	411
	412	3. Dependent contractors:
	413
	414	30 – Dependent contractors.
	415
	416	4. [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]:
	417
	418	41 – Permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	419
	420	42 – Fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	421
	422	43 – Short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	423
	424	44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns.
	425
	426	5. Family helpers:
	427
	428	51 – Contributing family workers.
	429
	430	52 – Family helpers in own-use provision of services.
	431
	432	53 – Family helpers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
	433
15.1	434	6. [[Unpaid trainee>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] workers:
11.11	435
15.1	436	60 – [[Unpaid trainee>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] workers.
11.11	437
15.1	438	7. Organization-based [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]]:
11.11	439
15.1	440	70 – Organization-based [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	441
	442	9. Other unpaid workers:
	443
	444	90 – Other unpaid workers.
	445
15.2	446	60. Each of the detailed status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) groups in ICSaW-18 relates to only one [[form of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]. The groups that relate to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] have the same definitions as in ICSE-18. The aggregate groups that include both [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and other [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]], have a broader scope in ICSaW-18 than in ICSE-18-A and in some cases are assigned a different name.
11.11	447
15.2	448	61. Subsets of the detailed categories in ICSaW-18 may be used to present statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships in [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], child labour and time-use on a conceptually consistent basis, regardless of the scope and source of the statistics. The categories for [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] may be aggregated according to the [[form of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] as follows:
11.11	449
	450	* (a) Workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]]:
	451	** Workers in own-use provision of services:
	452
	453	13 – Employers in own-use provision of services.
	454
	455	23 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	456
	457	52 – Family helpers in own-use provision of services.
	458
	459	* Workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods:
	460
	461	14 – Employers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
	462
	463	24 – Independent workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	464
	465	53 – Family helpers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
	466
15.1	467	* (b) [[Volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] workers:
11.11	468
15.1	469	25 – Direct [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	470
15.1	471	70 – Organization-based [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	472
	473	= Definitions of the categories in ICSaW-18 that are not included in ICSE-18 =
	474
	475	== 13 – Employers in own-use provision of services ==
	476
13.1	477	62. //Employers in own-use provision of services// are workers who perform any activity to provide services mainly for own final use and employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but excluding other members of their household) on a regular basis as a domestic [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
11.11	478
	479	== 14 – Employers in own-use production of goods ==
	480
13.1	481	63. //Employers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods// are workers who perform any activity to produce goods for own final use and employ one or more persons on a regular basis in return for payment in cash or in kind (including temporarily absent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but excluding other members of their household) to produce goods mainly for consumption by the employer’s own household. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
11.11	482
	483	== 23 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without employees ==
	484
13.1	485	64. //Independent workers in own-use provision of services// //without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]// are workers who perform any activity to provide services for own final use, but do not employ any persons to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on a regular basis as a domestic [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
11.11	486
	487	== 24 – Independent workers in own-use production of goods without employees ==
	488
13.1	489	65. //Independent workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods// //without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]// are workers who, on their own account or with one or more partners, perform any activity to produce goods for own final use who do not employ any persons on a regular basis to produce goods for pay in cash or in kind. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
11.11	490
	491	== 25 – Direct volunteers ==
	492
15.1	493	66. Direct [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] are workers who, on their own account or in partnership with others, and independently of any organization or community group, perform any unpaid, non-compulsory activity to produce goods or provide services for other households. Excluded from this group are workers who produce goods or services for consumption by members of the worker’s own household or family.
11.11	494
	495	== 5. Family helpers ==
	496
13.1	497	67. //Family helpers// are workers who assist a family or household member in the production of goods or provision of services for household consumption, in a market-oriented enterprise operated by that person, or in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by that person as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] or dependent contractor. They do not make the most important decisions affecting the economic unit and do not have responsibility for it. They may benefit from the outputs of their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in cash or in kind through intra-household transfers but do not receive an agreed wage or salary.
11.11	498
	499	=== 52 – Family helpers in own-use provision of services ===
	500
	501	68. //Family helpers in own-use provision of services// assist a family or household member in the provision of services for household consumption.
	502
	503	=== 53 – Family helpers in own-use production of goods ===
	504
	505	69. //Family he//lpers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods assist a family or household member in the production of goods for household consumption.
	506
	507	== 6. Unpaid trainee workers ==
	508
15.2	509	70. //[[Unpaid trainee>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] workers //are [[persons in unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] as defined in the most recent international statistical standards concerning (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and [[labour underutilization>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Underutilization.WebHome]] (Currently the 19th ICLS resolution 1, paragraphs 33 to 35).
11.11	510
	511	== 7. Organization-based volunteers ==
	512
15.1	513	71. //Organization-based [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] //are workers who perform any unpaid non-compulsory activities to produce goods or provide services for others through or for any type of organization or community group, including market and non-market units.
11.11	514
	515	* (a) Included in this group are workers who produce goods or provide services for others through or for self-help, mutual aid, or community-based groups.
	516	* (b) Excluded from this group are:
15.1	517	** {{{(i)}}} [[unpaid trainee>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] workers;
11.11	518	** (ii) workers performing unpaid compulsory activities;
15.1	519	** (ii) direct [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	520
	521	== 9. Other unpaid workers ==
	522
	523	72. //Other unpaid workers// are workers who cannot be classified in any other groups in the International Classification of Status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%). They include workers performing activities such as unpaid community service and unpaid (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) by prisoners, when ordered by a court or similar authority, and unpaid military or civilian service.
	524
	525	= Cross-cutting variables and categories =
	526
15.2	527	73. To provide complete and coherent statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships, information is needed on characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that are not measured in the classifications of status at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. This information should be presented through a set of variables and categories based on characteristics associated with the degree of risk, stability and permanence of a particular [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangement and provide definitions for situations that may be represented in several categories of the classifications by status. They may be used for the generation of statistics in their own right, or combined in output with relevant status categories to construct output classifications relevant for national purposes.
11.11	528
	529	74. The following cross-cutting variables are required to compile statistics on the detailed categories in ICSE-18:
	530
	531	* (a) duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement;
15.2	532	* (b) type of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement;
11.11	533	* (c) contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
	534	* (d) forms of remuneration.
	535
15.2	536	75. While not required for the compilation of statistics on status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], the following variables and categories are essential for the compilation of coherent statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships or for the identification of important groups of interest:
11.11	537
15.2	538	* (a) duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the current economic unit;
11.11	539	* (b) hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%);
	540	* (c) full-time/part-time status;
	541	* (d) reason for non-permanence of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
	542	* (e) preference or not for a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
	543	* (f) seasonal workers;
	544	* (g) type of workplace;
	545	* (h) domestic workers;
13.1	546	* {{{(i)}}} home-based workers;
11.11	547	* (j) multi-party (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships;
	548	* (k) [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent social protection coverage;
	549	* (l) paid annual leave;
	550	* (m) paid sick leave
	551	* institutional sector.
	552
	553	76. The following additional cross-cutting variables and categories are recommended:
	554
	555	* (a) number of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in the economic unit in which the worker is employed;
	556	* (b) main form of remuneration;
	557	* (c) reasons for preferring a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
	558	* (d) entrepreneurs;
	559	* (e) ownership of machinery, vehicles and premises.
	560
	561	== Duration of the job or work activity ==
	562
15.2	563	77. Since many of the detailed categories in ICSE-18 include [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] which differ significantly in their capacity to provide ongoing and full [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], statistics classified by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], and particularly the subcategories of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], should be complemented by information on the duration of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangement. Two variables on the duration of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] are necessary to provide a full understanding of the temporal stability of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships and to assess the extent to which workers without permanent [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationships have ongoing [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and income security. These are //Duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement //and //Duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the current economic unit.//
11.11	564
	565	=== Duration of work agreement ===
	566
15.2	567	778. //Duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement //refers to the period of time from the beginning to the end of a written or oral (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) contract, or in the absence of a contract specifying the duration, to the date on which it is expected the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] will terminate. If the agreement does not specify the duration of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and there is no expected date or event on which the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] will terminate, other than the age or time for retirement, the duration is considered to be “without stated limit of time”. This variable is required for the derivation of the subcategories of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but may also apply to dependent contractors, [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] and [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	568
	569	79. When a worker has had a series of ongoing renewed temporary contracts with the same economic unit, the duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement should be based on the duration of the current (most recent) contract.
	570
	571	=== Duration of employment in the current economic unit ===
	572
15.2	573	80. //Duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the current economic unit// refers to the time elapsed since the worker started (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) with a particular economic unit and can be applied to all statuses in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. It provides a measure of the stability and continuity of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], including in cases where a worker has had a series of contracts with the same economic unit. The concept of the duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the current economic unit can also be applied to activities in [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] other than [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
11.11	574
15.2	575	81. When a worker has had a series of renewed temporary engagements with the same economic unit, the duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in that economic unit should be based on the total duration since the first engagement, unless the gap between engagements was one month or longer. In some special cases, for example when substitute or probationary teachers are typically engaged from the beginning to the end of the school year, a longer gap of up to three months may be applied.
11.11	576
15.2	577	82. When a worker has been transferred between different establishments or locations within an enterprise, or enterprise group, or between different ministries or departments within the same government, duration in the current economic unit should be based on the highest level institutional unit considered as a single economic unit. For workers employed through agencies, for example in multi-party [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements, the duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] should be with the agency not the client of the agency.
11.11	578
	579	=== Categories for the presentation of statistics on duration of the job or work activity ===
	580
15.1	581	83. The following categories should be included in standard statistical outputs for the two variables describing the duration of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activity>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]:
11.11	582
	583	* less than one month;
	584	* one to less than three months;
	585	* three to less than six months;
	586	* six to less than 12 months;
	587	* 12 to less than 18 months;
	588	* 18 to less than 24 months;
	589	* 24 to less than 36 months;
	590	* three years or more;
	591	* without stated limit of time.
	592
	593	84. The category for “without stated limit of time” should also be included in data collection and statistical outputs on duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement. To facilitate analysis of the data collected, it is preferable to collect information for the duration variables using questions that do not include pre-defined categories other than “without stated limit of time”.
	594
	595	== Working time ==
	596
	597	85. Information on full-time/part-time status, hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), and contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be collected in accordance with the most recent international standards for statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] (currently the 18th ICLS Resolution concerning the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]]). Information on contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is required to determine whether [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] have arrangements that provide a guaranteed minimum number of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and is essential for derivation of the subcategories of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	598
	599	== Reasons for non-permanent employment ==
	600
15.2	601	86. [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] of a temporary or casual nature may be associated with characteristics of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or of the labour market, the preference of the person, and the need for the person to balance [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with other responsibilities. Statistics on these different dimensions of non-permanent [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] may be compiled using the following three variables:
11.11	602
	603	* Reason for non-permanence of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	604	* Preference or not for a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	605	* Reasons for preferring a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
	606
	607	87. //Reason for non-permanence of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]// refers to the characteristics of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that are reasons for it being of a temporary or casual nature. These statistics should be collected for all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] other than permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. Such statistics should also be collected for dependent contractors if relevant for national purposes. Depending on the measurement approach, information on the reason for non-permanence of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be used to identify both seasonal [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and paid apprentices, trainees and interns.
	608
	609	88. Statistical outputs on //reason for non-permanence of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]// should include at least the following categories:
	610
	611	* seasonal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
	612	* paid trainee, apprenticeship or internship;
	613	* substitute (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
	614	* completion of a project;
15.2	615	* [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] creation programme;
11.11	616	* period of service required before permanent contract;
	617	* other reasons.
	618
	619	Reasons such as “usual in industry or occupation” are included in the category “other reasons” but could be identified separately if relevant in the national context.
	620
15.2	621	89. Statistics on whether non-permanent [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is the person’s preference should be compiled as a separate variable: //Preference or not for a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. //This refers to whether the person took a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] because he or she did not want a permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
11.11	622
	623	90. Statistics on the// reasons for preferring a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]// refer to the situation of the person which may have resulted in the preference for taking a non-permanent [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. They may be compiled when relevant for national purposes. Such reasons may include among others:
	624
15.2	625	* combining [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with education;
	626	* combining [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with a pension;
	627	* combining [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with unpaid care for children;
	628	* combining [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with other family responsibilities.
11.11	629
	630	== Type of employment agreement ==
	631
15.2	632	91. A variable //type of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement //is needed to provide information on whether an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] has a written contract or an oral agreement. A question on type of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement is required for sequencing questions and also provides an indication of the stability of the arrangement.
11.11	633
15.2	634	92. Type of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agreement should not be used directly to measure informality, since workers with oral agreements can be subject to social protection, and workers with written contracts may or may not meet the criteria for formality.
11.11	635
	636	93. At a minimum, categories for “written contract” and “oral agreement” should be used in statistical outputs. Statistics indicating whether the agreement is collective or individual should also be compiled from relevant statistical sources.
	637
	638	== Form of remuneration ==
	639
15.2	640	94. //Form of remuneration// refers to the basis on which a worker is paid, rather than to the form of payment (e.g. cash or in kind). It should specify the information relevant to understand the nature of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationship, but not necessarily other aspects of remuneration. The variable “forms of remuneration” is required to assist with identification of the status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] categories and should include information about all forms of remuneration received by the worker in a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. A separate recommended variable on “main form of remuneration” provides additional information that may be collected by adding an additional question.
11.11	641
	642	95. At a minimum, the following categories are needed:
	643
13.1	644	* for time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) (including wage and salary);
11.11	645	* by the piece;
	646	* commission;
	647	* fee for services;
	648	* determined by profit or loss;
	649	* tips from clients;
	650	* other.
	651
	652	== Entrepreneurs ==
	653
15.2	654	96. Entrepreneurs are persons who own and control an enterprise and seek to generate value through the creation of economic activity by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets. In doing so, they create [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for themselves and potentially for others. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size, age and other characteristics of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] opportunities for themselves or for others.
11.11	655
	656	== Seasonal workers ==
	657
15.2	658	97. //Seasonal workers// are those with [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[work activities>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] whose timing and duration are significantly influenced by seasonal factors such as climatic seasons, holidays and agricultural preparations or harvests. For non-permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and dependent contractors, seasonality should be measured as part of the reasons for non-permanent [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. For independent workers and contributing family workers, information is needed on whether the business operates all year round or only during a certain season of the year. When ongoing contracts for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] only at particular times of the year are common in a country or region, information about seasonality may need to be collected using dedicated questions for workers in relevant industries or occupations. For accurate measurement of seasonality, data collection is required at different times during the year, covering all active and inactive seasons.
11.11	659
	660	== Type of workplace ==
	661
	662	98. //Type of workplace// provides information on the type of location where the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is usually performed. When (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is regularly performed in more than one type of location, this variable should be based on the main type. Thus, if a worker teleworks from home on an occasional basis, but spends most [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] at the employer’s premises, the main type of workplace should be the employer’s premises.
	663
15.2	664	99. Information on type of workplace is needed to identify workers such as home-based workers, domestic workers and workers in multi-party [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationships. For workers in multi-party (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships the type of workplace recorded should be the place where the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is actually performed, not the employer’s place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), for example in the case of those (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) for temporary [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agencies. As a variable in its own right it is relevant for the identification of workers whose place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may expose them to risk, such as on the street, or of home-based workers of all statuses in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
11.11	665
15.2	666	100. Statistics on the following categories are required at a minimum to assist in the identification of the groups mentioned above and for analysis of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationships.
11.11	667
	668	(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) at home:
	669
	670	* own home (or area outside);
	671	* own household farm;
	672
	673	No fixed place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%):
	674
	675	* water, air or land-based vehicle;
	676	* door-to-door;
	677	* street or other public space;
	678	* market;
	679
	680	With a fixed place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) outside the home:
	681
	682	* client’s or employer’s home;
	683	* employer’s workplace or site;
	684	* own business premises;
	685	* client’s workplace or site;
	686	* no single type of location;
	687
	688	(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HOthertypeoflocation." %)
	689	Other type of location.
	690
	691	101. Countries may choose to add questions or categories for their own analytical purposes. Where there is a need for information on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) through Internet platforms this should be captured as a separate variable rather than as a category of place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), which would refer to the type of place where the Internet is usually accessed.
	692
	693	102. When the place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is a business premises such as a retail shop or repair workshop attached to the residence but is not an integral part of the residence (if, for example, it has its own entrance) then the place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be considered as business premises. When the place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is a room or rooms within the residential premises which would normally be used for residential purposes, the place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be considered as “own home”.
	694
	695	== Domestic workers ==
	696
15.1	697	103. Domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is defined for statistical purposes as “all (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed in or for a household or households to provide services mainly for consumption by household members”. Domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed with payment made to [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of the household, to agencies that provide domestic services to households and to self-employed domestic service providers. Domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed unpaid by household members or by persons not residing in the household, such as family members, neighbours and [[volunteers>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
11.11	698
15.2	699	104. In statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], domestic workers are defined as workers of any sex employed for pay or profit, including in-kind payment, who perform (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in or for a household or households to provide services mainly for consumption by the household. The (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may be performed within the household premises or in other locations.
11.11	700
15.2	701	105. Based on the statistical definitions of domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and domestic workers, the following categories of domestic workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] may be identified:
11.11	702
	703	* (a) domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], defined as all workers engaged directly as [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of households to provide services mainly for consumption by the household members, irrespective of the nature of the services provided including:
11.13	704	** {{{(i)}}} live-in domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
11.11	705	** (ii) live-out domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
13.1	706	* (b) domestic workers employed by service providers; and
	707	* (c) domestic service providers employed for profit.
11.11	708
15.2	709	106. Workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] who provide services within or for a household or households but are not employed directly by a household, are considered to be domestic workers if the nature of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed mainly comprises domestic services such as cleaning, childcare, personal care, food preparation, gardening, driving and security.
11.11	710
	711	107. Domestic workers do not include:
	712
13.1	713	* (a) workers employed for profit and [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of economic units other than private households who provide services to households that are not considered to be domestic services, for example, services consumed by the household related to educational training (home tuition) or related to maintenance and preservation of physical goods of the dwelling such as electrical installation and repair, plumbing, etc.;
11.11	714	* (b) workers who mainly provide services to household market enterprises;
	715	* (c) workers who provide services frequently provided by domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] such as laundry, childcare and personal care, when the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed in the worker’s own premises; however, if the service is provided as part of a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in which the worker is engaged directly as an [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of the household the worker is classified as a domestic [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	716
13.1	717	108. //Domestic workers employed by service providers// are [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of economic units such as agencies that provide domestic services to households. //Domestic service providers// //employed for profit// provide domestic services to private households as independent workers or dependent contractors.
11.11	718
	719	109. Domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] may be identified in statistical collections when the economic activity of their employer is equivalent to ISIC Rev.4 Division 97, Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel. Other domestic workers may be identified in statistical collections if their occupation is one of those commonly held by domestic [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], and their main place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is the client’s residence. Analysis of these occupations by place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may also allow the identification of other workers not considered to be domestic workers, but who perform services frequently provided by domestic workers (such as laundry, childcare and personal care) in settings such as their own home or workplace, or in the workplace of agencies providing such services.
	720
	721	== Home-based workers ==
	722
15.2	723	110. //Home-based workers// are workers whose main place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is their own home. Among workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], they may be employers, independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], dependent contractors, [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] or contributing family workers.
11.11	724
	725	== Multi-party work relationships ==
	726
	727	111. //Multi-party (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships// exist when a third party is involved between a dependent worker and the enterprise for which the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is performed. Workers in this category may be [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] of the third-party enterprise or they may be dependent contractors whose access to raw materials, clients or the market is controlled by the third party economic unit.
	728
13.1	729	112. In the case of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], multi-party arrangements are mediated by an enterprise that acts as the employer and makes the worker available, on a temporary or permanent basis, to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for another enterprise while paying the wage or salary of the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
11.11	730
15.2	731	113. Two main groups of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with multi-party [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements can be identified:
11.11	732
	733	* (a) Agency workers
	734	* (b) [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] providing outsourced services.
	735
	736	In some countries, a third group may also be identified:
	737
15.2	738	* (c) Workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] promotion schemes.
11.11	739
15.2	740	114. //Agency workers// are supplied by an agency to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for another enterprise under the supervision of the user enterprise. They are employed by private [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agencies, such as labour hire agencies, temporary [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] agencies, or other labour providers (labour brokers, labour despatchers), that supply and employ the workers but are not involved in supervision of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work
11.11	741
	742	115. //[[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] providing outsourced services// are engaged as [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] by one enterprise to provide, on a regular basis, specific services that their employer has contracted to provide to another enterprise or to a household, at the premises of and usually under the partial supervision of the client. Their employers include but are not limited to service provision agencies such as nursing agencies, domestic or office cleaning service providers, security service providers and information technology services providers.
	743
15.2	744	116. //Workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] promotion schemes// are workers provided by a government agency and paid by that government agency to perform (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for another economic unit as part of a government-funded [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] promotion programme. Excluded from this group are workers who are required to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as a condition of continued receipt of social benefits.
11.11	745
	746	117. In all of these cases, the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is not mainly performed at the premises of the enterprise that pays the [[employee>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. The place of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is usually the premises of the client but may be some other place.
	747
	748	118. In the case of dependent contractors, multi-party (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements exist when an intermediary supplies raw materials and receives the goods produced by the dependent contractors, or else access to clients or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is controlled by an intermediary, typically using the Internet. The dependent contractor may be paid directly by the client, or payment may be received only through an intermediary that benefits from the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) performed.
	749
	750	== Variables related to the measurement of social protection and informal employment ==
	751
15.3	752	119. Three variables related to the measurement of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] are required to understand the degree of social protection available to employed persons and the extent of economic risk to which they are exposed in the event of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%):
11.11	753
	754	* (a) [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent social protection;
	755	* (b) access to paid annual leave;
	756	* (c) access to paid sick leave.
	757
15.3	758	120. These variables are useful to assess the impact of non-standard forms of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and new and emerging [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] on access to leave and social protection. They are relevant for the identification of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] among [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] but are not sufficient for the comprehensive measurement of [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]].
11.11	759
	760	=== Job-dependent social protection ===
	761
15.2	762	121. //[[Job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent social protection// provides information on whether the person is entitled and in practice has social protection as the result of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. It therefore excludes “universal” protection schemes that are not dependent on holding a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
11.11	763
	764	122. When measuring [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent social protection, the national context and labour laws should be taken into account. Measurement may be based on one or more specific forms of social protection (e.g., occupational injury insurance, old-age benefits, health insurance or [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] insurance) depending on the national context.
	765
	766	=== Access to paid annual leave ===
	767
	768	123. //Access to paid annual leave// refers to the worker’s entitlement and ability to take paid time off granted by the employer or to be compensated for unused annual leave. The number of days granted by the employer may vary between countries but also within the same country (e.g. between different industries and occupations) depending on national labour laws and regulations. It is not sufficient to have a legal right to paid annual leave if the worker does not have access to it in practice.
	769
	770	=== Access to paid sick leave ===
	771
15.2	772	124. //Access to paid sick leave// refers to the worker’s entitlement and ability to take paid leave from [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] due to personal sickness or injury. The paid sick leave should be dependent on the worker’s [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and therefore excludes schemes that are not related to having a particular [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. The number of days for which the worker can receive payment during sickness or injury may vary between countries but also within the same country depending on national labour laws and regulations. It is not sufficient to have a legal right to paid sick leave if the worker does not have access to it in practice.
11.11	773
	774	= Data sources and guidelines for data collection =
	775
	776	125. The standards for statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships described in this resolution aim to allow statistics on different types of productive activity to be compiled in a harmonious and comparable manner from different types of data source. They define categories and variables for the presentation of statistical outputs on an internationally comparable basis. The exact questions and data collection methods used will depend on the data sources. To facilitate international comparability of the statistics, data on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships should be collected on the basis of the most recent relevant data collection and methodological guidelines released by the ILO.
	777
15.1	778	126. Compilation of statistics according to ICSaW-18, or subsets of it, will be dependent on the availability and frequency of collection of statistics on the different [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]. [[Labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys, other household surveys, and periodic specialized surveys, can provide information on unpaid [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]] including unpaid domestic (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], and [[unpaid trainees>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]], apprentices and interns.
11.11	779
15.2	780	127. The collection of data for ICSE-18 should follow the same frequency as the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. The level of detail may vary depending on the statistical source, and on descriptive and analytical needs. If a category at any level of ICSE-18 is not statistically significant in a country, or if a stable operational method for measurement has not been established at regional or national level, it may not be appropriate to collect or compile statistics on that category on a regular basis. Any decision not to collect statistics on a particular group, however, should be based on empirical: evidence that the group is statistically insignificant, which should be confirmed periodically.
11.11	781
15.2	782	128. All sources that are used as the basis for statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] are also potential sources when collecting the information required to compile statistics on the ten detailed categories in ICSE-18. Different statistical sources have their advantages as well as disadvantages and can frequently be complementary to each other.
11.11	783
	784	129. Household and establishment-based surveys are important sources of labour market statistics. In particular, household-based collections such as [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys will be critical sources of data for detailed statistics classified by ICSE-18.
	785
15.2	786	130. [[Employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] statistics may also be measured via other specialized household surveys such as those concerned with time-use, education and training, living standards, or household income and expenditure. In such cases it would be appropriate to include questions designed to determine status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] with a degree of detail that is relevant for the analytical requirements for the statistics. The nature of the questions asked and the degree of detail would in such cases need to reflect the feasibility of data collection given the limitations of the particular data source.
11.11	787
15.2	788	131. Since the population census is an important source of statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], there may be a need to classify those employed by status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the Census, in order to produce estimates for small geographic areas as well as for small groups. The need for a strict limit on the number of questions that can be included in most population censuses, however, would mean that a short question or module that collects the concept or concepts defined in this resolution but with less detail and less precision than in [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] surveys may be appropriate.
11.11	789
15.4	790	132. Since establishment surveys are an important source of statistics on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], time paid for, [[labour costs>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]] and [[job vacancies>>doc:working:Glossary.Job Vacancy.WebHome]], ICSE-18 should be applied when there is a need for information about different types of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements. The level of detail should reflect the national needs for the information, and the feasibility of collecting the information from establishments.
11.11	791
15.2	792	133. Administrative records, developed or adapted for statistical purposes, may also be an important input for the production of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] statistics. The administrative records could, for example, be based upon taxation systems, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] services, pension schemes or social security administration. If a country is using administrative records in order to produce [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] statistics, then it might also be relevant to derive status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] categories from these records. The possibilities to do so depend on the structure and content of the country-specific administrative sources.
11.11	793
	794	= Indicators =
	795
	796	134. A set of indicators that serves the principal objectives of the statistics should be selected by countries as relevant for national priorities for dissemination according to the relevant reporting periodicities, as recommended in paragraphs 126 and 127. Indicators should be computed for the target group as a whole and disaggregated by sex, specified age groups (including separate categories for youth), level of educational attainment, geographic region, urban and rural areas, and other relevant characteristics taking account of the statistical precision of the estimates. Where relevant for national circumstances, in addition to compiling statistics concerning (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships for the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population, countries may wish to separately produce statistics that target children and develop indicators for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) children in accordance with the latest standards on child labour.
	797
15.2	798	135. To reflect national circumstances, the set should comprise selected indicators from among those identified below to monitor labour market performance, the stability of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] relationships, exposure of the employed population to economic risk, and participation in non-standard forms of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and new and emerging [[forms of work>>doc:working:Glossary.Forms of Work.WebHome]]. The selected set could be complemented with additional indicators to meet national needs.
11.11	799
15.2	800	* (a) Headcounts, average number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week, and rates calculated in relation to total [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] of persons employed in the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the following groups:
11.11	801	** {{{(i)}}} independent workers;
	802	** (ii) dependent workers;
15.2	803	** (iii) workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for profit;
	804	** (iv) workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for pay;
11.11	805	** (v) each of the aggregate categories (A to G) defined in ICSE-18-A and in ICSE-18-R;
	806	** (vi) the ten detailed categories specified in ICSE-18;
	807	* (b) for persons with more than one [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], headcounts and rates for the following groups:
	808	** {{{(i)}}} all persons with more than one [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] with the rate calculated as follows:
	809
15.1	810	All persons with more than one job
13.1	811	~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_ x 100
	812	Total number of persons in employment
11.11	813
15.2	814	and based on their status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in their second [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as a share of all persons with more than one [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] :
11.11	815
15.2	816	* \\
11.12	817	** (ii) dependent contractors;
	818	** (iii) own-account workers in household market enterprises without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	819	** (iv) fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	820	** (v) short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
11.11	821	* (c) the ratios of dependent contractors in the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] to [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and to independent workers without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	822	* (d) sub-categories of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] as a share of all [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	823	* (e) the ratio of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with non-permanent main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] to total [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
	824	* (f) duration of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) agreement for:
	825	** {{{(i)}}} fixed-term [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
	826	** (ii) short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
15.2	827	* (g) the duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] in the current economic unit for all statuses in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
11.11	828	* (h) [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] with [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-dependent social protection as a share of all [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	829
15.1	830	136. To provide information about the authority and levels of participation of men, women and young people in [[own-use production work>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] the following indicators may be used:
11.11	831
	832	* (a) headcounts, average number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week, and rates calculated in relation to the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population and to all workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods for the following categories in ICSaW-18:
11.13	833	** {{{(i)}}} Employers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
11.11	834	** (ii) Independent workers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	835	** (iii) Family helpers in [[own-use production>>doc:working:Glossary.Own-use Production.WebHome]] of goods.
	836	* (b) headcounts, average number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week, and rates calculated in relation to the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population for the following categories in ICSaW-18:
13.1	837	** {{{(i)}}} Employers in own-use provision of services.
11.11	838	** (ii) Independent workers in own-use provision of services without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
	839	** (iii) Family helpers in own-use provision of services.
	840
15.1	841	137. To provide information about the levels of participation of youth and adult men and women in paid and [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] the following indicators may be used:
11.11	842
	843	Headcounts and average number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week for the following categories in ICSaW-18:
	844
	845	* (a) Paid apprentices, trainees and interns.
15.1	846	** {{{(i)}}} [[Unpaid trainee>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]] workers.
15.2	847	** (ii) Ratios calculated for each of the above groups in relation to total [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and to all persons in paid and [[unpaid trainee work>>doc:working:Glossary.Unpaid Trainee Work.WebHome]].
11.11	848	* (b) For countries interested in analysing trainee workers overall, a combined indicator could be calculated as follows:
	849
	850	(Paid apprentices, trainees and interns) + (Unpaid trainee workers)
13.1	851	~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_~__ x 100
	852	Total number of persons in employment + unpaid trainee workers
11.11	853
15.1	854	138. To provide information about the levels of participation of youth and adult men and women in [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]], headcounts, average number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per week, and rates calculated in relation to the [[working age>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Age.WebHome]] population and to all [[persons in volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] for the following categories in ICSaW-18 may provide useful indicators:
11.11	855
13.1	856	* (a) Direct volunteers.
	857	* (b) Organization-based volunteers.
11.11	858
15.2	859	139. To support analysis about multi-party [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements, countries may find it useful to develop indicators on the levels of participation in multi-party [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] arrangements including headcounts, average number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week, and rates calculated in relation to total [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (or total [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]) for the following groups:
11.11	860
	861	* (a) Agency workers;
	862	* (b) [[Employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] providing outsourced services;
15.2	863	* (c) Workers in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] promotion schemes.
11.11	864
	865	= Future work =
	866
	867	140. To promote the implementation of this resolution, the ILO should (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) collaboratively with countries, international, regional and sub-regional organizations, and representatives of workers’ and employers’ organizations to:
	868
	869	* (a) widely disseminate these standards and communicate on their impact and interpretation;
	870	* (b) update and maintain the draft data collection guidelines published as Room Document 4 to this conference in order to reflect this resolution as adopted and current international best practice and experience;
	871	* (c) develop technical manuals and model data collection instruments, to be made available in the three official languages, and in other languages with the support of partner institutions;
	872	* (d) further conduct conceptual and methodological (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) including pilot testing of the different elements of the standards for statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships, including dependent contractors and multi-party (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships;
	873	* (e) provide technical assistance, training and capacity building to national statistical agencies, to relevant statistical services in line ministries, and to other relevant stakeholders including workers’ and employers’ representatives;
15.2	874	* (f) undertake further conceptual and methodological development (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on the measurement of workers whose [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is intermediated through Internet-based platforms or apps;
11.11	875	* (g) carry out further conceptual and methodological (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on horizontal forms of social organization of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), such as cooperatives, and their impact on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relationships.

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