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1 {{box title="**Contents**"}}
2 {{toc/}}
3 {{/box}}
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5 The 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians,
6
7 Having reviewed the relevant texts of the resolution concerning statistics of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) adopted by the Tenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1962) as well as of the resolution concerning statistics of strikes, lockouts and other action due to labour disputes adopted by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (January 1993) and of the resolution concerning the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related income and the resolution concerning statistics of occupational injuries, both adopted by the 16th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1998),
8
9 Recalling the requirements of the Labour Statistics Convention, 1985 (No. 160), and the accompanying Labour Statistics Recommendation, 1985 (No. 170), and the need for coherence with other international statistical standards, including with regard to [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and child labour,
10
11 Recognizing the need to revise the existing standards on statistics of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in order to reflect the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] of persons in all sectors of the economy and in all forms of productive activity towards the achievement of decent (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for all, and to provide measurement methodologies and guidelines on a larger number of measures than previously defined internationally, thereby enhancing the standards’ usefulness as technical guidelines to States and hence the consistency and international comparability of the statistics,
12
13 Acknowledging that the relevance of the various measures of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in a given State depends on the nature of its workforce, labour markets and user needs, and so their implementation will be determined largely by national circumstances;
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15 Adopts this fifth day of December 2008 the following resolution in substitution for the resolution concerning statistics of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) (1962) and paragraphs 46 to 48 of the resolution concerning the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related income (1998).
16
17 = Objectives =
18
19 ~1. Each State should aim to develop a comprehensive system of statistics of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] that can adequately account for all labour inputs into productive activity by all persons of any sex, in order to provide an adequate statistical base for the various users of the statistics, taking into account national needs and circumstances.
20
21 2. In particular, such a system should:
22
23 * (1) Complement the statistics of the [[economically active population>>doc:working:Glossary.Economically Active Population.WebHome]] and of the demand for labour in production, with statistics on the number of hours that persons actually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) and the number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) on all activities.
24 * (2) Aid the examination and monitoring of conditions of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), including health, safety and gender justice for all population groups, in formal and [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]], with statistics on the number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), how they are organized over time, and on the number of hours of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in relation to the hours established by national legislation.
25 * (3) Construct indicators useful for labour-management negotiations and for economic and social analyses (such as labour productivity, time [[rates of wages>>doc:working:Glossary.Wage Rates.WebHome]], average hourly [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], average [[labour cost>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]] per [[time unit>>doc:working:Glossary.Time Unit.WebHome]], rates of occupational injuries or estimates of [[time-related underemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Time-Related Underemployment.WebHome]]), using statistics of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] for the same reference period and by the same group of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) persons as for statistics of production, [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], [[labour cost>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]-related income and occupational injuries.
26 * (4) Serve as a basis for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of economic, social and labour market policies and programmes targeting labour market flexibility, social exclusion, (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)–life balance and the distribution of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in families, etc., with statistics on the number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and the number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) and the arrangement of these hours for all members within families and all population groups.
27
28 3. For all these purposes, States should aim at consistency between the different statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], and with other labour market statistics as well as with the general statistical system. Statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] should be developed in line with other international statistical frameworks, and so as to promote international comparability.
29
30 = Scope =
31
32 4. //[[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]]// comprises the time associated with productive activities and the arrangement of this time during a specified reference period.
33
34 5. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] is determined in reference to productive activities within the general production boundary as defined in the System of National Accounts (SNA). [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] includes the time spent towards the production of all goods and services whether paid or unpaid. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] does not take account of the legality of the activity, the type of contractual agreement covering it or the age of the persons performing it.
35
36 * (1) [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can relate to the activities //within the SNA production boundary// and to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] statistics, as defined in the international definition of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. In this case [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] is the standard for compilation of national production accounts. It is also used for labour market, productivity and other economic and social analysis.
37 * (2) [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can also relate to activities which are //beyond the SNA production boundary //such as services produced and consumed within the same household and activities of [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] workers in households that produce services for own final use by the household. In this case the aim is to produce statistics of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] on “unpaid household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]]” necessary for the production of satellite accounts and for a broader understanding of, and approach to, labour market, economic and social policies.
38
39 6. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] is measured for a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] defined as “a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be performed, by one person, including for an employer or in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]” whether formal or informal. A [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can refer to unpaid household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]] performed by one person for a household outside the SNA production boundary but within the general production boundary. Use of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as the basic observation unit for [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] is consistent with the international classifications of occupation (ISCO) and status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] (ICSE) and with the principles of classification by industry according to the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC). A person may have one or several [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
40
41 7. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can be measured for short measurement units, such as minutes or hours, or for long units such as half-days, days, weeks or months. The measurement unit of “hours” is used for ease of reference.
42
43 8. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can be observed over a [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]], such as one day or one week, or a long reference period, such as one month, one year or beyond, including a lifespan. For national accounts and production statistics in general, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] should be measured for a long reference period.
44
45 9. [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] does not reflect the quality, intensity or efficiency of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
46
47 = Concepts and definitions =
48
49 10. (1) This resolution provides definitions for:
50
51 * (a) Seven concepts of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] associated with the productive activities of a person and performed in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], namely //[[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]//, the key concept of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] defined for statistical purposes applicable to all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and to all (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) persons; //hours paid for//, linked to remuneration of hours that may not all correspond to production; //normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work//(%%) that refer to legally prevailing collective hours; //contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work//(%%) that individuals are expected to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) according to contractual relationships as distinct from normal hours; //hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked//(%%) most commonly in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] over a long observation period, //overtime hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work//(%%) performed beyond contracts or norms; and //absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours//, when (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) persons do not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
52 * (b) Two concepts of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements that describe the characteristics of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], namely the //organization// and //scheduling// of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], regardless of type of [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], and formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements, that are specific combinations of the characteristics having legal recognition.
53
54 (2) Not all [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] concepts are applicable to all types of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Their application is specified in each concept defined below.
55
56 == Hours actually worked ==
57
58 11.(1) //[[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]// is the time spent in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for the performance of activities that contribute to the production of goods and/or services during a specified short or long reference period. [[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] applies to all types of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (//within and beyond the SNA production boundary//) and is not linked to administrative or legal concepts.
59
60 (2) [[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] measured //within the SNA production boundary //**includes** time spent directly on, and in relation to, productive activities; down time; and resting time.
61
62 * (a) “Direct hours” is the time spent carrying out the tasks and duties of a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. This may be performed in any location (economic territory, establishment, on the street, at home) and during overtime periods or other periods not dedicated to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) (such as lunch breaks or while commuting).
63 * (b) “Related hours” is the time spent maintaining, facilitating or enhancing productive activities and should comprise activities such as:
64 ** {{{(i)}}} cleaning, repairing, preparing, designing, administering or maintaining tools, instruments, processes, procedures or the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) location itself; changing time (to put on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) clothes); decontamination or washing up time;
65 ** (ii) purchasing or transporting goods or basic materials to/from the market or source;
66 ** (iii) waiting for business, customers or patients, as part of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements and/or that are explicitly paid for;
67 ** (iv) on-call duty, whether specified as paid or unpaid, that may occur at the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) location (such as health and other essential services) or away from it (for example from home). In the latter case, it is included in [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] depending on the degree to which persons’ activities and movements are restricted. From the moment when called back for duty, the time spent is considered as direct hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
68 ** (v) travelling between (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) locations, to reach field projects, fishing areas, assignments, conferences or to meet clients or customers (such as door-to-door vending and itinerant activities);
69 ** (vi) training and skills enhancement required by the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or for another [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the same economic unit, at or away from the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) location. In a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] this may be given by the employer or provided by other units.
70 ** (c) “Down time”, as distinct from “direct” and “related hours”, is time when a person in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] cannot (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) due to machinery or process breakdown, accident, lack of supplies or power or Internet access, etc., but continues to be available for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). This time is unavoidable or inherent to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and involves temporary interruptions of a technical, material or economic nature.
71 ** (d) “Resting time” is time spent in short periods of rest, relief or refreshment, including tea, coffee or prayer breaks, generally practised by custom or contract according to established norms and/or national circumstances.
72
73 (3) [[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] measured //within the SNA production boundary //**excludes **time not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) during activities such as:
74
75 * (a) Annual leave, public holidays, sick leave, parental leave or maternity/paternity leave, other leave for personal or family reasons or civic duty. This time not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) is part of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours (defined in paragraph 17);
76 * (b) Commuting time between (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and home when no productive activity for the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is performed; for paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], even when paid by the employer;
77 * (c) Time spent in educational activities distinct from the activities covered in paragraph 11. (2) (b) (vi); for paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], even when authorized, paid or provided by the employer;
78 ** (d) Longer breaks distinguished from short resting time when no productive activity is performed (such as meal breaks or natural repose during long trips); for paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], even when paid by the employer.
79
80 (4) [[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] measured //beyond the SNA production boundary //**includes** time spent directly on, and in relation to, productive activities as defined in paragraph 5.(2); down time; and short resting time.
81
82 * (a) “Direct hours” is the time spent carrying out the tasks and duties of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], which may include: preparing meals, care for members of the household; cleaning and maintaining the house, grounds, clothes and household equipment; purchasing and transporting goods for the household, transporting household members, household accounting and management.
83 * (b) “Related hours” is the time spent maintaining, facilitating or enhancing productive activities, and comprises activities such as travelling to meet persons, waiting for persons in one’s care, or training required for the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
84 * (c) “Down time” is less relevant for a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //beyond the SNA boundary// because substitution of one household task for another can be more immediate.
85 * (d) “Resting time” is time spent in short periods of rest, relief or refreshment, including tea, coffee or prayer breaks.
86
87 (5) [[Hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] measured //beyond the SNA production boundary //**excludes **time not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) during activities such as civic duty and educational activities other than the training covered in paragraph 11. (4) (b).
88
89 == Hours paid for ==
90
91 12. (1) //Hours paid for// applies to a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and to a self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] paid on the basis of [[time units>>doc:working:Glossary.Time Unit.WebHome]] //(within the SNA production boundary)//.
92
93 (2) For a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], hours paid for is:
94
95 * (a) The time for which persons have received payment from their employer (at normal or premium rates, in cash or in kind) during a specified short or long reference period, regardless of whether the hours were actually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) or not;
96 * (b) This **includes** time paid but not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) such as paid annual leave, paid public holidays and certain absences such as paid sick leave.
97 * (c) This **excludes** time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) but not paid by the employer, such as unpaid overtime, and absences that are not paid by the employer, such as unpaid educational leave or maternity leave that may be paid through transfers by government from social security systems.
98
99 (3) For a self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (formal or informal) paid on the basis of [[time units>>doc:working:Glossary.Time Unit.WebHome]], hours paid for is equivalent to [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]].
100
101 (4) It may be useful to separately identify hours paid for that are actually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) (as overtime or not) from other hours paid for (that are not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%)).
102
103 == Normal hours of work ==
104
105 **13. **(1) //Normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work//(%%) are the hours fixed by or in pursuance of laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards to be performed in specified paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] over a specified reference period, such as per day, week, month or year (//within the SNA production boundary//). Normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may also apply to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] when the hours are in accordance with the hours fixed for all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in a specific industry or occupation (such as for drivers to ensure public safety).
106
107 (2) Normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may vary, between [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for different groups of persons in paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], by occupation or industry, depending on their regulatory source.
108
109 (3) Normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) of a self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be compared with the normal hours of a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the same occupation or industry.
110
111 (4) In States where normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) are widely used they may serve as the reference to define full-time and part-time hours.
112
113 == Contractual hours of work ==
114
115 14. (1) //Contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work//(%%), is the time expected to be performed according to a contract for a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or for the provision of services in a self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //(within and beyond the SNA production boundary)//. The contract may include leave entitlements and be either explicit (written contract) or implicit (verbal agreement).
116
117 (2) The number of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be fixed over a short or long reference period or may vary from one period to the next depending on the organization of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the length of the measurement reference period. When the reference period is long, leave entitlement periods should be excluded.
118
119 (3) The number of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may vary between [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the same occupation, industry or establishment.
120
121 (4) The number of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may be equivalent to or established in conformity with prevailing normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and may be above normal hours, some of which may be hours stipulated as contractual overtime hours.
122
123 == Hours usually worked ==
124
125 **15. **(1) //Hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked//(%%) is the typical value of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] per [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] such as one week, over a long observation period of a month, quarter, season or year that comprises the short reference measurement period used. Hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) applies to all types of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //(within and beyond the SNA production boundary)//.
126
127 (2) The typical value may be the modal value of the distribution of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per short period over the long observation period, where meaningful.
128
129 (3) Hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) provides a way to obtain regular hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) above contractual hours.
130
131 (4) The [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] for measuring hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) should be the same as the reference period used to measure [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
132
133 == Overtime hours of work ==
134
135 **16. **(1) //Overtime hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) //applies to all types of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //(within and beyond the SNA production boundary)// and is defined as:
136
137 * (a) the hours stipulated as overtime in a contract during a specified [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]], plus [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in excess of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), if these exist; or
138 * (b) the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in excess of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] where no contractual hours exist.
139
140 (2) Overtime hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) **excludes** [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in excess of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) as a result of rotation periods in established (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements (such as flexitime or shift (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)) in a short or long reference period.
141
142 (3) Overtime hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be paid or unpaid. Payment may be in cash at the same rate as the other hours in the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or in cash at higher rates; or in kind and/or in the form of compensation with time off.
143
144 (4) It may be useful to distinguish between:
145
146 * (a) Overtime hours that are paid and unpaid;
147 * (b) Overtime hours and the different forms of compensation;
148 * (c) Overtime hours defined as overtime in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contracts from other overtime hours, where relevant;
149 * (d) Overtime hours that are regular and other overtime hours, where regular overtime is hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in excess of contractual hours;
150 * (e) Overtime hours in paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
151
152 (5) It may also be useful to distinguish overtime hours from [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in excess of contractual hours as a result of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) arrangements.
153
154 == Absence from work hours ==
155
156 17. (1) //Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours// applies to all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //(within and beyond the SNA production boundary)// and is defined as//~://
157
158 * (a) The number of contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) not actually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) during a [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] such as a week when contractual hours exist; these include periods of leave taken according to the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contract where relevant, including part-time contracts;
159 * (b) The number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) but not actually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) during the [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] when contractual hours do not exist.
160
161 (2) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours **excludes** time not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) as a result of established (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements (such as flexitime off or shift (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)).
162
163 (3) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours in a paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may be paid or unpaid and initiated by workers or by employers.
164
165 (4) It may be useful to distinguish between:
166
167 * (a) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours that are paid and unpaid; initiated by the worker and initiated by the employer;
168 * (b) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours that are regular and irregular, where regular absence hours is the number of contractual hours in excess of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%);
169 * (c) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours in paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
170
171 (5) It may also be useful to distinguish absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours from all contractual hours in excess of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] as a result of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) arrangements.
172
173 (6) Absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours may occur as a result of annual leave (including forced annual leave), illness, injury or occupational injury, maternity, paternity and parental leave, compensation for overtime, care for others – including family members, educational leave, other personal absence (such as military conscription, civilian service, jury duty, family death), technical or economic breakdown (other than specified in paragraph 11, subparagraph 2(b)), industrial relations processes (labour–management negotiation, strike activity, suspension, etc.), bad weather, public or other holidays, or another reason.
174
175 == Working-time arrangements ==
176
177 18. (1) (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)//Working//(%%)//-time arrangements// describes measurable characteristics of a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that refer to the organization (length and timing) and scheduling (stability or flexibility) of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and non-(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) periods during a specified reference day, week, month or longer period and applies to all types of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //(within and beyond the SNA production boundary)//, including in [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and in agricultural communities.
178
179 * (a) The organization reflects the length and timing of the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]:
180 ** {{{(i)}}} the length may be shorter or longer than a norm based on national circumstances, there may be fewer or more daily or weekly hours, fewer or more days (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week for a [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] or fewer weeks (part-year) for a long reference period;
181 ** (ii) the timing may be inside or outside core hours or core days (performed at night or at weekends).
182 * (b) The scheduling reflects the stability or flexibility of the length and timing of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] from one day, week or longer period to the next, shifts that vary every day or week, different entry and exit times, etc.
183
184 (2) //Formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements// relate to specific combinations of the organization and scheduling of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] that are recognized by law, collective agreement, etc. They may be stipulated in explicit or implicit [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contracts.
185
186 * (a) Formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements may be more relevant to States where terminology and established practice is reasonably well regulated and/or standardized, and where the number of persons covered is numerically significant;
187 * (b) A self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or household service and [[volunteer>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Volunteer Work.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may practise a formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangement based on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) requirements, personal or household preference (such as customer contracts or fixed opening hours of shops, schools, etc.);
188 * (c) In order to document the extensive range of existing formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements in States, which may be known by different names, a typology of formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements is presented in the Annex to this resolution.
189
190 (3) It may be useful to distinguish further characteristics regarding (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements such as:
191
192 * (a) The choice, control or influence of persons over the arrangement itself or its characteristics; the extent arrangements are agreed, imposed or chosen; the predictability of characteristics (such as advance notice given, discussion or consensus between parties); the duration of the arrangement for the specific (or main) [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
193 * (b) The number of arrangements practised, by the nature of their stipulation (by law, contract, custom or self);
194 * (c) The type of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) location where practised (fixed, mobile, in establishments, at home) by arrangements practised.
195
196 = Methods of data collection =
197
198 19.** **(1) Statistics of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can be collected through statistical censuses and surveys of households and establishments, and through access to administrative registers.
199
200 (2) When possible and pertinent, the use of a combination of data sources may be preferable to meet user requirements (such as coverage, scope, response rates, sample size, response burden and costs) and to evaluate the quality of statistics obtained.
201
202 (3) To ensure greater coherence for analytical purposes, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics should be collected for the same reference period and for the same disaggregations or groups of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as the statistics collected for [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], wages and [[labour costs>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Cost.WebHome]], etc.
203
204 (4) In order to achieve the most efficient use of information on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] for statistical purposes, to harmonize statistical measures and improve coverage, and to ensure appropriate recording, reporting and quality of the resulting statistics, the statistical authorities need to coordinate with the users and the providers of the information, namely administrative systems and establishments.
205
206 (5) States will need to establish the balance between the aim to obtain detailed information and the capacity of respondents to provide it. For instance, when collecting data on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] for a reference period beyond a day, the definitions of overtime hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours may result in an underestimation of the total number of overtime or absence hours. To capture all these hours, specific collection for each concept in the reference period will be necessary, where relevant.
207
208 == Household-based surveys ==
209
210 20. (1) Household-based surveys are well suited to collect data:
211
212 * (a) On [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), on formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements and the characteristics of arrangements. They may also produce statistics on hours paid for, normal or contractual hours;
213 * (b) For all persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) and all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], including in [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]];
214 * (c) For a [[short reference period>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] such as a day or a week and when the survey is continuous; for a long reference period such as a month or a year;;
215 * (d) For persons individually and for the economy as a whole.
216
217 (2) Household surveys are less well suited to obtain data:
218
219 * (a) For concepts that have an administrative or regulatory base;
220 * (b) Covering all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the State (domestic production according to the SNA).
221
222 (3) In order to reduce errors due to problems of recall, proxy response and rounded answers it is recommended that questionnaires targeting [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] be designed to:
223
224 * (a) First ascertain the status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] of respondents in order to filter paid and selfemployment [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for separate question sequences;
225 * (b) Collect information for each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] separately or, at the minimum, for the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and other [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]];
226 * (c) Obtain information on contractual hours or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) before information on [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]], since variables that relate to [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contracts or to the typical (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) situation are generally easier to remember, especially for proxy interviews;
227 ** {{{(i)}}} for paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] can be arrived at after prompting for hours of overtime or absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) that may have occurred during the reference week;
228 ** (ii) for self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], for [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in [[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]] and for [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]]; to improve data quality of the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]], collecting or prompting for information for each of the days of the reference week separately rather than for the whole week is recommended; as well as prompting for all time spent on household service type activities;
229 ** (d) To improve the measurement of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] for certain [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and groups of [[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]], additional questions or prompts may target specific [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] components such as (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) at home, commuting time, short breaks, overtime and absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%);
230 * (e) To determine hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) if not obtained through a direct question, refer to the modal value of the distribution of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per week over a long observation period. When this value is not meaningful because the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] each week are irregular, or because (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) schedules are defined for periods other than the week, then the value may be determined using either:
231 ** {{{(i)}}} the median of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] over the observation period; or
232 ** (ii) the average number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] excluding periods of [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] or inactivity within the long reference period.
233
234 (4) When based on household surveys, the best estimates of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] will come from continuous surveys that focus on the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and cover all the weeks in the year. When the survey is not continuous, States should aim at estimating the periods not covered and spreading the frequency of survey observation periods over the year, rather than expanding the reference period.
235
236 21. Other household-based data collection exercises may be used to provide statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]].
237
238 (1) Time-use surveys are able to produce good-quality statistics of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]], absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours and on the length and timing of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements. They capture particularly well the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that are irregular, atypical, or carried out together with household service (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in the home. They may face the difficulty of assigning time spent on simultaneous activities to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], and of distinguishing paid activities outside of the household. This source can also be used to assess and compare the quality of and adjust [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] measured by other survey instruments. Timeuse surveys as a data source may be constrained by their frequency (generally non-annual or irregular), small sample size, high response burden and data compilation costs.
239
240 (2) The population census is able to provide statistics on [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) for [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in small geographic areas and for small population groups. Census operations may however not have the questionnaire space and interview time required to incorporate a set of questions for each concept, for each day of the reference period and for each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or activity. Where the census is the only available data source it may as a minimum incorporate a single question either on [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] during a short period prior to the census reference date, or on hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), for the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
241
242 (3) Mixed household-enterprise surveys of the [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] are able to provide statistics of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) for an [[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for a short or long reference period. They use interview techniques close to household-based survey interviews of self-employed persons to capture the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] of informal [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], many of whom are (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) in private dwellings. These mixed surveys may be constrained by overall costs resulting in limited data quality.
243
244 (4) Surveys of agricultural [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] and farm structure may collect statistics of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in farm [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] for agricultural labourers and over a long reference period such as a year.
245
246 == Establishment-based surveys ==
247
248 22. (1) Establishment-based surveys are well suited to collect data:
249
250 * (a) On hours paid for, contractual hours, paid overtime hours and absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours usually recorded to monitor entitlements to leave, and on formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements. They may also produce statistics on normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]];
251 * (b) For all or a subset of paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the establishment, or all or a subset of establishments;
252 * (c) For a reference period, such as a week, month, year or pay period;
253 * (d) For [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] individually, as averages for groups of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or for the establishment as a whole.
254
255 (2) Establishment-based surveys are less well suited to measure concepts which do not have an administrative or regulatory base. The data from establishment-based surveys relate mainly to concepts linked to payments and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contracts and to certain types of formal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements.
256
257 (3) In order to reduce errors due to differences in payment and administrative systems between establishments, it is recommended that the questionnaire obtain information about the:
258
259 * (a) Payment practices for particular (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)-related activities, including lunch breaks, commuting time, preparation time (including changing time), short breaks, absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) periods and overtime;
260 * (b) Self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] covered.
261
262 (4) [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics from this type of source, even where the coverage of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] is not complete, may be used to indicate changes.
263
264 (5) The contractual hours may be specified in groups of hours, as a percentage of normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for full-time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), as full-time/part-[[time units>>doc:working:Glossary.Time Unit.WebHome]], or as the number of hours. Information should be collected by components of non-contractual paid overtime hours, absence hours not paid, and contractual hours, that will allow the producers of statistics to perform quality checks or to calculate hours paid for or [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]], if establishments do not provide these directly.
265
266 (6) If contractual hours or hours paid for are not collected specifically, other data could be used to derive them. An estimate of total contractual hours may be obtained by multiplying the number of workers distinguished by full-time and by part-time hours and adding the two products. An estimate of the total number of hours paid for may be obtained by multiplying the number of workers by their [[wage rates>>doc:working:Glossary.Wage Rates.WebHome]] and dividing the total wage bill by this product.
267
268 == Administrative registers ==
269
270 23. (1) Administrative registers are useful to provide information:
271
272 * (a) On contractual hours, hours paid for, paid absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours, and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) including leave entitlements;
273 * (b) For [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and persons covered;
274 * (c) For long reference periods, such as a month, quarter or year.
275
276 (2) Data from administrative registers may come from records of social security institutions and labour inspectorates, or from collective agreement records or legislation. Depending on national circumstances, records of income or tax registers on income from paid and selfemployment can also be used with other information to calculate hours paid for and certain paid absence hours.
277
278 (3) Data from administrative records are generally useful to verify and may correct, or adjust data from, establishment or household-based surveys to obtain estimates of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours due to illness, maternity, occupational injuries, and strikes and lockouts.
279
280 (4) Registers of information for filled [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] usually contain more [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] data than for [[job vacancies>>doc:working:Glossary.Job Vacancy.WebHome]] or [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] sought.
281
282 = Derived measures =
283
284 == Total hours actually worked ==
285
286 24. (1) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] is the aggregate number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] by all persons in all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for required groups (such as economic sector or geographical region, and //within or beyond the SNA production boundary//) during a specified reference period.
287
288 (2) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] is also known as the volume of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or labour input, and refers to all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in the State. The reference period may be short or long.
289
290 (3) Total production divided by total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] produces labour productivity indicators. Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] should have the same coverage of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and use the same reference period as the measurement of production, normally defined as //within the SNA production boundary//.
291
292 (4) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] is useful to construct many other labour related social and economic indicators. Such indicators may require that the total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] be distributed by characteristics of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], establishments and persons.
293
294 25. (1) Continuous household-based surveys can produce estimates of total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] for a long reference period, based on observations for all weeks in the period. Obtaining estimates of the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] throughout the period and adjusting for days not included where relevant, produces total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] for the long reference period.
295
296 (2) In a non-continuous survey, targeting the desired reference period implies extrapolation to periods not directly covered. If the survey is not repeated with sufficient frequency and the reference week is chosen to avoid special weeks (containing public holidays, etc.), adjustments should be made to take account of possible calendar effects, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] regulations and [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] information from other sources.
297
298 (3) When the household-based survey only collects hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), the measure of total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] will be the number of hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) adding any irregular overtime hours and subtracting all irregular absence hours.
299
300 (4) For the purpose of estimating labour productivity for a long reference period, household survey-based estimates of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] need to be supplemented with estimates for [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] not covered in the survey (such as [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held by persons living in collective households or in a foreign State). The [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] in [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in economic units outside the State held by persons living inside the State need to be excluded.
301
302 26. (1) Compiling total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] from establishment-based surveys will generally start from hours paid for, or from contractual hours or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) that must be transformed into [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]. The computations will depend on the data elements available:
303
304 * (a) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] is equal to hours paid for plus unpaid overtime hours minus paid absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours;
305 * (b) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] is equal to contractual hours plus non-contractual overtime hours minus absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours.
306
307 (2) Care must be taken to cover the long reference period and the total population by repeated or continued observations or adjusting for any missing periods; and incorporating estimates of the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] of self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] in out-of-scope units, such as small establishments, agricultural or informal units, as well as for household service and [[volunteer work>>doc:working:Glossary.Volunteer Work.WebHome]].
308
309 == Average annual hours actually worked ==
310
311 27. (1) Average annual [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] are the total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] during a year relative to a reference denominator, depending on the measurement purpose and available data sources. The numerator and denominator should be consistent, where possible. The denominator may be:
312
313 * (a) The average number of [[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] (whether at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)) per week over the year;
314 * (b) The average number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] over the year that corresponds to the total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]];
315 * (c) The average population size over the year.
316
317 = Tabulation of data and analysis =
318
319 28. (1) Statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] can be tabulated to serve a number of different descriptive and analytical purposes, and //within or beyond the SNA production boundary//, depending on national circumstances and priorities.
320
321 (2) Statistics on the [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]], the hours paid for, the contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and the hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) may relate to (a) the number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or persons by different hour bands, as well as to (b) the average hours per [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], person or economic unit, during the reference period. The hour bands should allow presentation by specific hour thresholds stipulated in national laws or regulations. The average hours per person should cover the hours in all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] held during the reference period.
322
323 (3) Statistics on the normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may relate to the number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or [[persons in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] practising different levels of hours.
324
325 (4) Statistics on overtime hours may relate to:
326
327 * (a) The number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], persons or economic units experiencing overtime;
328 * (b) The average overtime hours per [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], person or economic unit during the reference period.
329
330 (5) Statistics on absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours may relate to:
331
332 * (a) The number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], persons or economic units experiencing an absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) during the reference period, by type of absence;
333 * (b) The average duration of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) hours per [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], person or economic unit during the reference period, by type of absence;
334 * (c) The average elapsed duration of absence from (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) up until the reference period per [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], person or economic unit.
335
336 (6) Statistics on (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements may relate to:
337
338 * (a) The number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], persons or economic units practising relevant formalized workingtime arrangements, by type of arrangement;
339 * (B) The number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], persons or economic units experiencing various types of lengths, timing and scheduling of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]].
340
341 29. For the calculation of average [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per week, States that do not calculate them by dividing the annual [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] by the total number of weeks in the year should specify whether they relate to average [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]:
342
343 * (a) Per employed person “at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)” during one or more reference periods during the year;
344 * (b) Per employed person during one or more reference periods during the year;
345 * (c) Per [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] during one or more reference periods during the year;
346 * (d) Any other calculation.
347
348 30. (1) For the computation of sectoral productivity, statistics on total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] need to be classified by industry or sector, and in a manner that is consistent with production statistics.
349
350 (2) For labour market analysis, statistics of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] should be presented at least by sex and in respect of status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], specified age groups and level of education. Tabulations and analysis may include other significant demographic, social and economic characteristics important for users as well as appropriate cross-classifications, such as by occupational group, institutional sector, branch of economic activity, and, where relevant, by formal/[[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] (or formal/[[informal employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Employment.WebHome]]).
351
352 (3) To bring to light gender justice and reconciliation of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and family life, including for public policy purposes, it is essential to classify [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], in addition to sex, by variables such as marital status, presence of dependent or accompanying persons (young children, the elderly and others requiring care) and the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] of other/all household members.
353
354 (4) [[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics of persons is the sum of the hours in all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in a reference period; to classify these hours in relation to a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or economic unit, the characteristics should refer to the main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. For [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics it is preferable to define main [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] having the longest [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] (preferably as measured through contractual hours or, when not available, the hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%)).
355
356 31. In order to analyse changes in [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] over time and across States, it may be useful to produce indices in addition to level estimates. In this case, it is important that precise information about the statistical sources and methods of calculation used to produce these complex estimates accompany the disseminated results.
357
358 32. All statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] and accompanying methodological information should be compiled, made available for all users, and produced in line with the need for confidentiality of persons and establishments, and the requirement of proper documentation. As much as possible, public-use files (anonymized, confidentialized micro data sets) should be made available to analysts and other interested users.
359
360 = International reporting =
361
362 33. (1) For international reporting of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics, States should endeavour to report at least //(within the SNA production boundary)//:
363
364 * (a) Total [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] on an annual basis; and
365 * (b) Average annual [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per [[person in employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] (in all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]); or
366 * (c) Where the above are not possible, then the average [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] per week.
367
368 (2) States measuring [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] //beyond the SNA production boundary// should compile and report the statistics in such a way that it is possible to distinguish them from [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics for activities //within the SNA production boundary//.
369
370 (3) For international comparisons the derived measures should be disaggregated by sex so as to enable analyses from the gender perspective, as well as status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]]. Where possible these derived measures should also be disaggregated by age, industry or institutional sector. Other variables of interest are level of education, occupation, (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements and formal/[[informal sector>>doc:working:Glossary.Informal Sector.WebHome]] or [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
371
372 34. States may also be in a position to report statistics on:
373
374 (1) The average weekly contractual hours or average weekly hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%);
375
376 (2) The number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or persons by bands of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per week. For statistics on the number of [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or persons (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) different hour bands, data should be collected so that it may be reported according to certain hour bands. These hour bands may be of four or five hours, and in all cases should include the following:
377
378 * (a) Less than 15 hours;
379 * (b) 40 hours;
380 * (c) Up to and including 48 hours;
381 * (d) 60 hours or more.
382
383 (3) The number of persons experiencing an absence, and by type of absence that should distinguish at least the following groups of reasons for absence:
384
385 * (a) Annual leave (with forced annual leave separately identified, if possible), holidays and compensation leave;
386 * (b) Illness and injury (including occupational injuries separately identified, if possible);
387 * (c) Maternity/paternity/parental and care leave;
388 * (d) Strikes and lock-outs.
389 * (e) Other reasons.
390
391 35. In order to enhance the transparency and comparability of all [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics reported internationally, States are urged to compile and disseminate the requisite information on national concepts, definitions and methodology and any departures from the recommendations of this resolution. States should, therefore, design their data collection and processing procedures to enable them to fully document:
392
393 * (a) Differences between the international and national statistical definitions of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]], where relevant;
394 * (b) Differences between the national statistical definitions compared with legal and administrative definitions in the State;
395 * (c) Adjustments performed to arrive at estimates that correspond to the analytical and international statistical concepts and, in particular, inquiries undertaken from time to time to determine for each industry the ratio between the number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and the number of hours paid for (defined in paragraphs 11 and 12).
396
397 36. All reported statistics on [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] and accompanying methodological information should be compiled and produced in line with the need for confidentiality of persons and establishments, and the requirement of proper documentation and availability for all users, in accordance with the United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.
398
399 = Future work =
400
401 37. The ILO should provide for the timely updating of the annex to this resolution, and prepare a technical manual to present best practices in the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]].
402
403 38. Regarding the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] for [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] //within and beyond the SNA production boundary//, the ILO should conduct a review, within a decade, of national capacities to implement the scope of this Resolution and assess the implications of the findings on future (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) in this area.
404
405 = Annex =
406
407 == Working-time arrangements ==
408
409 ~1. (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Working(%%)-time arrangement is the term to describe measurable characteristics that refer to the organization (length and timing) and scheduling (stability or flexibility) of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and non-(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) periods for all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as defined in paragraph 18 of this resolution. These characteristics also apply to ad hoc as well as unusual arrangements. Multiple characteristics (such as a part-time, flexible shift schedule) may apply as they are not mutually exclusive.
410
411 2. Specific (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements defined for different combinations of these characteristics exist in States and are referred to as formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements. These are based on laws and regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards and formalized in written [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] contracts and/or practised implicitly in establishments by persons in paid-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Certain types of formalized arrangements (such as part-time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)) are also practised in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
412
413 3. The elements of the typology of formalized (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements presented in this Annex may serve as a tool for consultation, in particular for purposes of comparison at the international level.
414
415 == Organization (length and timing) ==
416
417 4. (1) //Annualized or mensualized hours arrangements//, characterized by variations in daily, weekly and monthly [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] within a weekly or monthly average or an annual total, without any requirement that the employer pay overtime rates as long as [[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] stay below an agreed maximum in the specified period. Under the annualized/mensualized hours contract, the distribution of the number of hours over the month or throughout the year is generally determined in advance by the employer, depending on production or service needs; but [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] may be allowed to negotiate the length of their daily and weekly hours, so long as output targets can be met.
418
419 (2) //Compressed (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) week arrangements//, characterized by organizing the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] over fewer days than what is considered the normal or standard (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) week.
420
421 (3) //Fixed (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) arrangements//, characterized by set starting and finishing hours or core hours for individuals or groups of persons in paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] or for persons in self-[[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]].
422
423 (4) //[[Job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-sharing arrangements//, characterized by the filling of an existing full-time position by two or more persons (including transitional arrangements), each (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) part time, possibly with different arrangements, on an ongoing, regular basis.
424
425 (5) //Min–max arrangements//, characterized by a variable number of //[[hours actually worked>>doc:working:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]// and paid for, depending on production or service needs, but with a guarantee of a minimum and maximum number of hours to be (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) per reference period.
426
427 (6) //Part-time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements//, characterized by a voluntary or involuntary reduction of hours or a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] that reduces contractual hours or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), which are less than those of comparable full-time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) (in the same industry or occupation) recognized in the Part-Time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)Work(%%) Convention, 1994 (No. 175).
428
429 (7) //Regular overtime hours arrangements//, characterized by hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in addition to the contractual or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) and that are compensated by the employer for paidemployment [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
430
431 (8) //Staggered and block (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) arrangements// (also known as start and end of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) day), characterized by established different starting and finishing hours around compulsory core hours, for individuals or groups of persons in paid [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]], including split shift (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) consisting of multiple (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) periods on the same day.
432
433 (9) //Time-saving account arrangements//, characterized by hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in addition to the contractual or hours usually (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) with the understanding that the persons will be able to take, for example, early retirement.
434
435 (10) //[[Working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] banking arrangements//, characterized by the possibility of accumulating hours, which can be taken off as extended leave in a subsequent period or used to reduce the total overall lifespan of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
436
437 (11) //Combined extended (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and leave periods//, characterized by a number of weeks on, at special (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) sites (remote areas, on board ships, oil platforms at sea, etc.) and a number of weeks off (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
438
439 == Scheduling (stability or flexibility) ==
440
441 5. (1) //Flexible (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%)-time arrangements//, characterized by possible daily and weekly [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] scheduled outside core hours when presence at the place of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment.WebHome]] is compulsory. Hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) in addition to contractual hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for the week (pay period or month) may be taken as leave during subsequent weeks or months, often within a deadline and up to a maximum number of hours.
442
443 (2) //Own (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)working(%%) schedule//, characterized by the possibility of scheduling one’s daily and weekly hours and presence at the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) location.
444
445 (3) //On-call (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), zero hours or “as and when required” arrangements//, characterized by no fixed schedule of contractual hours, but a requirement that persons be available to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) when called with a specified notice period, for as many hours as the employer requires up to legally specified or contractual limits.
446
447 (4) //Shift-(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements//, characterized by successive daily (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) periods involving teams of persons, known as shifts. Shifts enable the establishment to maximize use of equipment and ensure operations for periods longer than the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] of individuals. Shifts may be organised as morning, evening, night or weekend shifts. Shifts may be constant, alternate with different types of shift on a weekly or fortnightly basis (including certain free days).
448
449 (5) //Shift-change (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements//, characterized as //shift-(% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) arrangements// with the additional feature that persons may trade their shifts with other workers practising the same arrangement.
450
451 (6) //Absence-leave scheduling,// characterised by the choice, control or influence of persons over periods of absence and leave and the extent to which this scheduling is agreed, imposed or chosen, the predictability of periods (as a result of advance notice, discussion or consensus between parties) and the duration of the period over which the scheduling refers.