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175 175  
176 176  == Measurement of hours of work ==
177 177  
178 -1. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time
178 +45. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time statistics.
179 179  
180 -statistics.
180 +46. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
181 181  
182 -1. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
182 += Data sources =
183 183  
184 -=== Data sources ===
184 +47. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
185 185  
186 -1. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
187 -1. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
188 -1. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
189 -1. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
190 -1. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
191 -1. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
192 -1. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
193 -1. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
194 -1*. to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
195 -1*. to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
196 -1*. to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
186 +48. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
197 197  
188 +49. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
189 +
190 +50. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
191 +
192 +51. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
193 +
194 +52. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
195 +
196 +53. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
197 +
198 +54. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
199 +
200 +* to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
201 +* to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
202 +* to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
203 +
198 198  One of the limitations of household surveys is that income can usually only be measured net, i.e. after deduction of social security contributions, income taxes, etc.
199 199  
200 -1. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
201 -1. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
202 -1. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
206 +55. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
203 203  
204 -=== Data compilation ===
208 +56. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
205 205  
206 -1. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
207 -1. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
208 -1. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
209 -11. Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
210 +57. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
210 210  
211 -*
212 -** total cash remuneration;
213 -** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
214 -** profit-related pay;
215 -** employment-related social security benefits:
216 -*** received from employer;
217 -*** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
212 += Data compilation =
218 218  
219 -1.
220 -11. Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
214 +58. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
221 221  
222 -*
216 +59. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
217 +
218 +60. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
219 +
220 +* (a) Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
221 +** total cash remuneration;
222 +*** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
223 +*** profit-related pay;
224 +*** employment-related social security benefits:
225 +**** received from employer;
226 +**** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
227 +* (b) Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
223 223  ** gross profit or where relevant gross output less operating expenses;
224 224  ** consumption of fixed capital/depreciation;
225 225  ** net profit (or share of profit);