Changes for page Resolution III: Resolution to amend Resolution 16th ICLS concerning the measurement of employment-related income

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175	175
176	176	== Measurement of hours of work ==
177	177
178		-1. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time
	178	+45. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time statistics.
179	179
180		-statistics.
	180	+46. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
181	181
182		-1. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
	182	+= Data sources =
183	183
184		-=== Data sources ===
	184	+47. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
185	185
186		-1. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
187		-1. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
188		-1. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
189		-1. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
190		-1. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
191		-1. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
192		-1. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
193		-1. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
194		-1*. to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
195		-1*. to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
196		-1*. to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
	186	+48. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
197	197
	188	+49. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
	189	+
	190	+50. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
	191	+
	192	+51. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
	193	+
	194	+52. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
	195	+
	196	+53. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
	197	+
	198	+54. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
	199	+
	200	+* to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
	201	+* to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
	202	+* to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
	203	+
198	198	One of the limitations of household surveys is that income can usually only be measured net, i.e. after deduction of social security contributions, income taxes, etc.
199	199
200		-1. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
201		-1. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
202		-1. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
	206	+55. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
203	203
204		-=== Data compilation ===
	208	+56. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
205	205
206		-1. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
207		-1. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
208		-1. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
209		-11. Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
	210	+57. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
210	210
211		-*
212		-** total cash remuneration;
213		-** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
214		-** profit-related pay;
215		-** employment-related social security benefits:
216		-*** received from employer;
217		-*** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
	212	+= Data compilation =
218	218
219		-1.
220		-11. Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
	214	+58. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
221	221
222		-*
	216	+59. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
	217	+
	218	+60. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
	219	+
	220	+* (a) Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
	221	+** total cash remuneration;
	222	+*** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
	223	+*** profit-related pay;
	224	+*** employment-related social security benefits:
	225	+**** received from employer;
	226	+**** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
	227	+* (b) Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
223	223	** gross profit or where relevant gross output less operating expenses;
224	224	** consumption of fixed capital/depreciation;
225	225	** net profit (or share of profit);
226	226	** employment-related social security benefits.
227	227
228		-=== Data classification ===
	233	+= Data classification =
229	229
230		-1. Statistics of employment-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in employment and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in job and the formal or informal status of the job.
231		-1. Disaggregations of the main status in employment categories, as defined in ICSE according to the type of economic risk, may be relevant in order to distinguish specific groups such as owner-operators of corporations from employees, employers from other independent workers, permanent employees from temporary, seasonal or casual employees, etc.
232		-1. In order to measure the relationship between employment and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous jobs. The employment experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were employed (full or part time), unemployed and out of labour force. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing, such as:
233		-1*. full-year/full-time employment;
234		-1*. part-year/part-time employment with no unemployment:
	235	+61. Statistics of employment-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in employment and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in job and the formal or informal status of the job.
235	235
236		-o for voluntary reasons; o for involuntary reasons;
	237	+62. Disaggregations of the main status in employment categories, as defined in ICSE according to the type of economic risk, may be relevant in order to distinguish specific groups such as owner-operators of corporations from employees, employers from other independent workers, permanent employees from temporary, seasonal or casual employees, etc.
237	237
238		-1.
239		-1*. part-year employment with some unemployment; ● mainly unemployment: o with some employment; o without employment;
240		-1*. mainly out of labour force with some employment.
241		-1. Further variables may be introduced, such as length of employment, spells and duration of unemployment, etc. Such classifications would permit the identification of the main types of employment-related hardship, the severity of employment problems and the degree of labour force attachment of persons experiencing economic hardship.
	239	+63. In order to measure the relationship between employment and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous jobs. The employment experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were employed (full or part time), unemployed and out of labour force. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing, such as:
242	242
243		-=== Periodicity ===
	241	+* full-year/full-time employment;
	242	+* part-year/part-time employment with no unemployment:
	243	+** for voluntary reasons;
	244	+** for involuntary reasons;
	245	+* part-year employment with some unemployment;
	246	+** mainly unemployment:
	247	+** with some employment;
	248	+** without employment;
	249	+* mainly out of labour force with some employment.
244	244
	251	+64. Further variables may be introduced, such as length of employment, spells and duration of unemployment, etc. Such classifications would permit the identification of the main types of employment-related hardship, the severity of employment problems and the degree of labour force attachment of persons experiencing economic hardship.
	252	+
	253	+= Periodicity =
	254	+
245	245	65. Countries should endeavour to regularly collect, compile and disseminate statistics of employment-related income at least every five years.
246	246
247		-=== Analytical measures ===
	257	+= Analytical measures =
248	248
249		-1. Statistics of average income related to employment for pay and employment for profit should be compiled per time unit. The time unit in which average employment-related income is expressed, e.g. hour, day, week or month, should depend mainly on how meaningful the figures would be in the country concerned and on the feasibility of data collection. Where possible, estimates of average annual income related to employment for pay and employment for profit should be compiled.
250		-1. Where feasible, estimates of hourly employment-related income should also be developed, based on the annual estimates of income and on the corresponding volume of employment expressed in terms of hours of work and work duration.
	259	+66. Statistics of average income related to employment for pay and employment for profit should be compiled per time unit. The time unit in which average employment-related income is expressed, e.g. hour, day, week or month, should depend mainly on how meaningful the figures would be in the country concerned and on the feasibility of data collection. Where possible, estimates of average annual income related to employment for pay and employment for profit should be compiled.
251	251
	261	+67. Where feasible, estimates of hourly employment-related income should also be developed, based on the annual estimates of income and on the corresponding volume of employment expressed in terms of hours of work and work duration.
	262	+
252	252	=== Complementary approach to non-measurable benefits ===
253	253
254	254	1. In view of, on the one hand, the importance generally attached to the growth of forms of compensation schemes offering current and deferred entitlements to various benefits to persons in employment for pay (e.g. pensions and health plans, life insurance, flexible benefits and the like), and, on the other hand, the measurement difficulties inherent in the assessment of the value of such entitlements, efforts should be made to conduct surveys of employee benefits, in such a way as to provide data on the incidence and characteristics of the benefits received by persons in employment for pay (e.g. participation requirements, employers' and employees' contributions (where appropriate), health-care deductibles, pension benefit formulas, paid leave provisions, number of beneficiaries). Data should be compiled and published by size of establishment and various employer and employee characteristics (major industry groups, full-time and part-time employment, etc.).