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121 121  
122 122  == Operational approach to the measurement of income related to employment for profit ==
123 123  
124 -29. In view of the heterogeneity of those in employment for profit and the complexity of measurement of net income of unincorporated enterprises, the measurement of income related to employment for profit should be phased into national programmes of statistics over an extended period of time. In the initial phase, countries should endeavour to identify and measure the income received by two groups of workers in employment for profit:
124 +1. In view of the heterogeneity of those in employment for profit and the complexity of measurement of net income of unincorporated enterprises, the measurement of income related to employment for profit should be phased into national programmes of statistics over an extended period of time. In the initial phase, countries should endeavour to identify and measure the income received by two groups of workers in employment for profit:
125 +11. The first group consists of persons employed for profit operating their enterprises with little or negligible capital input, who produce goods and services in a similar way to employees (such as those engaged in crafts or services, whether in the formal or the informal sector). The income they receive is mostly a return to their labour input and the gross mixed income of the enterprise is a close estimate of net mixed income.
126 +11. The second group consists of persons employed for profit whose activities involve an identifiable amount of capital for the production and generation of income (such as professional workers in the formal sector or workshops in the informal sector). In this case, efforts should be made to quantify the amount of capital used to generate the income and to derive net mixed income. For this purpose, data on the consumption of productive assets (i.e. structures, machinery or equipment, cultivated assets such as trees or animals used to produce other products such as fruit or dairy products, etc.) should, in principle, be collected. Consumption of productive assets may be valued through an estimate of depreciation, according to the business accounting rules in force in each country, or according to the methods contained in the System of National Accounts. Due account should also be taken of the source of data and data collection methods. Where it is not possible to obtain reliable data on consumption of fixed capital from persons in employment for profit, net income related to employment for profit may have to be derived by means of analytical methods.
127 +1. When measuring income related to employment for profit in the informal sector, special attention needs to be paid to the particular circumstances of collecting income data from enterprises in this sector, due account being taken of the guidelines contained in the resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS.
125 125  
126 -* (a) The first group consists of persons employed for profit operating their enterprises with little or negligible capital input, who produce goods and services in a similar way to employees (such as those engaged in crafts or services, whether in the formal or the informal sector). The income they receive is mostly a return to their labour input and the gross mixed income of the enterprise is a close estimate of net mixed income.
127 -* (b) The second group consists of persons employed for profit whose activities involve an identifiable amount of capital for the production and generation of income (such as professional workers in the formal sector or workshops in the informal sector). In this case, efforts should be made to quantify the amount of capital used to generate the income and to derive net mixed income. For this purpose, data on the consumption of productive assets (i.e. structures, machinery or equipment, cultivated assets such as trees or animals used to produce other products such as fruit or dairy products, etc.) should, in principle, be collected. Consumption of productive assets may be valued through an estimate of depreciation, according to the business accounting rules in force in each country, or according to the methods contained in the System of National Accounts. Due account should also be taken of the source of data and data collection methods. Where it is not possible to obtain reliable data on consumption of fixed capital from persons in employment for profit, net income related to employment for profit may have to be derived by means of analytical methods.
129 +==== Choice of method for recording income related to employment for profit ====
128 128  
129 -30. When measuring income related to employment for profit in the informal sector, special attention needs to be paid to the particular circumstances of collecting income data from enterprises in this sector, due account being taken of the guidelines contained in the resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS.
130 -
131 -== Choice of method for recording income related to employment for profit ==
132 -
133 133  1. The choice of an accounting technique to measure income related to employment for profit should take into account the circumstances in which those employed for profit operate their business and the measurement objective. Two major techniques can be used:
134 134  11. Accruals accounting, which measures the profit earned during the reference period, by taking into account receipts and expenses relevant to that period, irrespective of whether or not they have actually been received or defrayed. This technique measures the profitability or economic performance of the enterprise and, as such, could be favoured when the objective is to measure the income-generating capacity of jobs for profit. It is also the approach favoured by the SNA.
135 135  11. The cash-flow technique, which measures actual cash received (including the value of production for own use) and paid out (including the value of production given out free or at reduced prices) during the reference period. This technique provides a better indicator of the amounts of income actually available to workers in employment for profit to meet living expenses. Where data on employment-related income are furnished by those in employment for profit themselves in the absence of business accounts, it is generally easier for them to provide a simple summary of cash received and paid in the assessment period (i.e. gross receipts minus expenditure).
136 136  1. These different techniques may produce different results. In determining the method used to record income related to employment for profit, consideration should be given to the procedures recommended by national tax authorities, the sources of data and the methods of data collection.
137 137  
138 -== Valuation of own production consumed by workers in employment for profit ==
136 +==== Valuation of own production consumed by workers in employment for profit ====
139 139  
140 140  33. The part of goods and services produced and consumed by workers in employment for profit and their family members should be valued in terms of the basic prices of similar products sold on the market or of their cost of production if no suitable basic prices are available, as defined in the SNA. In the absence of these prices, retail market prices could be used. Such consumption of own production is similar to payments in kind received by workers in employment for pay.
141 141  
142 -== Treatment of losses of workers in employment for profit ==
140 +==== Treatment of losses of workers in employment for profit ====
143 143  
144 144  34. Jobs for profit may, over a given reference period, produce a financial loss instead of income or profit. Losses should be reflected in the measurement of income related to employment for profit and evaluated as negative income.
145 145  
146 -= Statistical units =
144 +=== Statistical units ===
147 147  
148 148  1. Two basic observation units are relevant to the measurement of income related to employment for pay or profit, depending on the objective pursued: the job and the individual person.
149 149  1. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different economic activities, the //job, //as defined in ICSE, is the basic entity on which information is to be collected and analysed. Jobs can be for pay or for profit, which can be characterized by industry, occupation and employment status, coded at the most detailed level of national or international classifications.
150 150  1. When the objective is the analysis of the employment-related well-being of the population concerned, the desirable unit is the //individual person. //The individual is also relevant when analysing the relationship between employment-related income and educational achievements, seniority in employment, work duration, etc. An individual may be engaged in a single job, have multiple jobs in employment for pay or for profit, or own and operate more than one unincorporated enterprise, simultaneously or consecutively within a given reference period. From the individual's standpoint, employment-related income corresponds to the sum of all incomes generated by all jobs as well as income from former employment.
151 151  
152 -= Reference period =
150 +=== Reference period ===
153 153  
154 154  1. In measuring income related to employment for pay and for profit, account should be taken of the seasonal variations which affect the receipt of income, the fluctuations in work intensity of individuals, and the possible combination of multiple activities and periods of activity and inactivity of the population concerned. For this purpose, income related to employment for pay and for profit should be measured over a long reference period, such as a full year.
155 155  1. For data collection purposes, shorter reference periods, such as a month or a quarter, may be used. Different activities and jobs may require different reference periods, such as a month