Changes for page Resolution III: Resolution to amend Resolution 16th ICLS concerning the measurement of employment-related income

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147	147
148	148	= Statistical units =
149	149
150		-1. Two basic observation units are relevant to the measurement of income related to employment for pay or profit, depending on the objective pursued: the job and the individual person.
151		-1. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different economic activities, the //job, //as defined in ICSE, is the basic entity on which information is to be collected and analysed. Jobs can be for pay or for profit, which can be characterized by industry, occupation and employment status, coded at the most detailed level of national or international classifications.
152		-1. When the objective is the analysis of the employment-related well-being of the population concerned, the desirable unit is the //individual person. //The individual is also relevant when analysing the relationship between employment-related income and educational achievements, seniority in employment, work duration, etc. An individual may be engaged in a single job, have multiple jobs in employment for pay or for profit, or own and operate more than one unincorporated enterprise, simultaneously or consecutively within a given reference period. From the individual's standpoint, employment-related income corresponds to the sum of all incomes generated by all jobs as well as income from former employment.
	150	+35. Two basic observation units are relevant to the measurement of income related to employment for pay or profit, depending on the objective pursued: the job and the individual person.
153	153
	152	+36. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different economic activities, the //job, //as defined in ICSE, is the basic entity on which information is to be collected and analysed. Jobs can be for pay or for profit, which can be characterized by industry, occupation and employment status, coded at the most detailed level of national or international classifications.
	153	+
	154	+37. When the objective is the analysis of the employment-related well-being of the population concerned, the desirable unit is the //individual person. //The individual is also relevant when analysing the relationship between employment-related income and educational achievements, seniority in employment, work duration, etc. An individual may be engaged in a single job, have multiple jobs in employment for pay or for profit, or own and operate more than one unincorporated enterprise, simultaneously or consecutively within a given reference period. From the individual's standpoint, employment-related income corresponds to the sum of all incomes generated by all jobs as well as income from former employment.
	155	+
154	154	= Reference period =
155	155
156		-1. In measuring income related to employment for pay and for profit, account should be taken of the seasonal variations which affect the receipt of income, the fluctuations in work intensity of individuals, and the possible combination of multiple activities and periods of activity and inactivity of the population concerned. For this purpose, income related to employment for pay and for profit should be measured over a long reference period, such as a full year.
157		-1. For data collection purposes, shorter reference periods, such as a month or a quarter, may be used. Different activities and jobs may require different reference periods, such as a month
	158	+38. In measuring income related to employment for pay and for profit, account should be taken of the seasonal variations which affect the receipt of income, the fluctuations in work intensity of individuals, and the possible combination of multiple activities and periods of activity and inactivity of the population concerned. For this purpose, income related to employment for pay and for profit should be measured over a long reference period, such as a full year.
158	158
159		-for regular fulltime employment for pay, complemented by data on additional annual receipts, or a crop season in agricultural employment for profit. For analytical purposes, data on employment-related income referring to short reference periods should be aggregated over the long reference period mentioned above.
	160	+39. For data collection purposes, shorter reference periods, such as a month or a quarter, may be used. Different activities and jobs may require different reference periods, such as a month for regular fulltime employment for pay, complemented by data on additional annual receipts, or a crop season in agricultural employment for profit. For analytical purposes, data on employment-related income referring to short reference periods should be aggregated over the long reference period mentioned above.
160	160
161		-=== Data requirements ===
	162	+= Data requirements =
162	162
163		-1. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different jobs, there should be consistency between the data on employment in a given job and the data on income generated by that job. Data should therefore be collected on: (i) the characteristics of the job (industry, occupation, employment status), type of enterprise (individual enterprise, partnership, corporation, etc.), employment size and sector (e.g. informal or formal sector, public or private sector); (ii) the volume of labour input in the job (duration of employment and time worked); and (iii) the amount of income generated by that job.
164		-1. In order to analyse the relationship between employment and the well-being of individuals, data are needed for each person: (i) separately on the main and any additional jobs carried out during the reference period; (ii) the income derived from each of these jobs; (iii) the socio-economic characteristics of individuals: age, sex, education and skill level, etc.; and (iv) any spells of unemployment or periods of being out of the labour force that an individual may have experienced during the given reference period.
	164	+40. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different jobs, there should be consistency between the data on employment in a given job and the data on income generated by that job. Data should therefore be collected on: (i) the characteristics of the job (industry, occupation, employment status), type of enterprise (individual enterprise, partnership, corporation, etc.), employment size and sector (e.g. informal or formal sector, public or private sector); (ii) the volume of labour input in the job (duration of employment and time worked); and (iii) the amount of income generated by that job.
165	165
166		-=== Measurement of working time in employment ===
	166	+41. In order to analyse the relationship between employment and the well-being of individuals, data are needed for each person: (i) separately on the main and any additional jobs carried out during the reference period; (ii) the income derived from each of these jobs; (iii) the socio-economic characteristics of individuals: age, sex, education and skill level, etc.; and (iv) any spells of unemployment or periods of being out of the labour force that an individual may have experienced during the given reference period.
167	167
168		-1. One of the requirements of the measurement of employment-related income is that the part of the income directly generated by a job be related to the working time which has gone into that job. Income and employment data should therefore refer, or be convertible, to the same period.
169		-1. For each job, working time should be, expressed in the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., during which the activity has been carried out. Where the activity is carried out by several contributing family workers and income is the result of a joint labour input (e.g. in household enterprises), efforts should be made to measure the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., worked by each member.
170		-1. At the individual level, employment-related income should be measured for each job carried out during the reference period, whether in employment for pay or for profit, together with the corresponding labour input in each activity. During a one-year reference period, individuals may be, for different periods, employed, unemployed and out of labour force during which some or no employment-related income accrues. Each of these periods should be identified, account being taken of all jobs performed, including casual or simultaneous employment. The main situations may be classified into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing (or hardship).
	168	+= Measurement of working time in employment =
171	171
172		-==== Measurement of hours of work ====
	170	+42. One of the requirements of the measurement of employment-related income is that the part of the income directly generated by a job be related to the working time which has gone into that job. Income and employment data should therefore refer, or be convertible, to the same period.
173	173
174		-1. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time
	172	+43. For each job, working time should be, expressed in the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., during which the activity has been carried out. Where the activity is carried out by several contributing family workers and income is the result of a joint labour input (e.g. in household enterprises), efforts should be made to measure the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., worked by each member.
175	175
176		-statistics.
	174	+44. At the individual level, employment-related income should be measured for each job carried out during the reference period, whether in employment for pay or for profit, together with the corresponding labour input in each activity. During a one-year reference period, individuals may be, for different periods, employed, unemployed and out of labour force during which some or no employment-related income accrues. Each of these periods should be identified, account being taken of all jobs performed, including casual or simultaneous employment. The main situations may be classified into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing (or hardship).
177	177
178		-1. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
	176	+== Measurement of hours of work ==
179	179
180		-=== Data sources ===
	178	+45. The measurement of hours of work is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The working time concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce working time statistics.
181	181
182		-1. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
183		-1. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
184		-1. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
185		-1. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
186		-1. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
187		-1. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
188		-1. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
189		-1. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
190		-1*. to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
191		-1*. to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
192		-1*. to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
	180	+46. Hours of work should be identified for each job separately for job-level analysis and for all jobs for person-level analysis.
193	193
	182	+= Data sources =
	183	+
	184	+47. The collection of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be based on the regular national statistical programmes, using all available sources.
	185	+
	186	+48. One such source could be general or specialized household surveys, with individual household members as observation units.
	187	+
	188	+49. Other sources of data include establishment surveys, administrative records (such as income tax and social security records), informal sector surveys (such as mixed surveys, according to the guidelines contained in the ILO resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy adopted by the 21st ICLS), agricultural surveys, surveys of small economic units and population censuses.
	189	+
	190	+50. The choice of the appropriate sources of data should be based on the results of a cost-benefit analysis, taking into account factors such as the desired accuracy and details required from the results, the availability of different sources, the existence and design of labour force or other household surveys and the feasibility of adding new topics to these surveys or of launching separate surveys, and the response burden (particularly for the population census where questionnaire content must typically be limited).
	191	+
	192	+51. Several sources may be used for the collection of data on employment-related income. The use of different sources equally enables the comparison of the data and the evaluation of its quality.
	193	+
	194	+52. Labour force surveys which collect data on income constitute an essential source of data on the income-generating capacity of jobs and its links to the labour market activities of individuals. Additional variables and appropriate questions accompanied by detailed instructions addressed to all individuals, including those not employed at the survey date, may, in principle, cover nearly all income during a given period, including those employmentrelated benefits received from sources other than the employer and as a result of current or former employment (e.g. received from social security or insurance schemes or the State). Income data should be linked to each person's educational and other characteristics, for each activity and occupation, in order to establish the link between income and type of occupation, type of contract, skill level, duration of employment and unemployment, seniority in trade or occupation, or other characteristics of interest.
	195	+
	196	+53. Household budget and household income and expenditure surveys are particularly suitable for collecting data on all types of income, including income components in cash, in kind and in services, and income deductions. Special care should be taken in such surveys to better identify the relationship between income and employment. In particular, detailed information on income related to employment for pay or for profit should be collected in respect of each activity performed or job held by each household member, together with the corresponding volume of employment in terms of hours of work.
	197	+
	198	+54. In order to improve the quality and relevance of income-related questions in labour force and other household surveys, efforts should be made in particular:
	199	+
	200	+* to collect income data directly from the persons concerned and avoid the use of proxy respondents as much as possible;
	201	+* to obtain disaggregated data on the components of employment-related income and link income to working time in each job and for each individual member covered by the survey;
	202	+* to reduce recall errors and pinpoint the seasonal characteristics of certain jobs using various solutions, such as conducting repeated surveys or surveys with a sample spread over the year and a shorter reference period such as a quarter or a season; using the month-to-month recall approach to obtain information on each of the 12 months of the reference period; fixing data collection at a time which coincides with the collection of income data for income tax and social security purposes, etc.
	203	+
194	194	One of the limitations of household surveys is that income can usually only be measured net, i.e. after deduction of social security contributions, income taxes, etc.
195	195
196		-1. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
197		-1. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
198		-1. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
	206	+55. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of income related to employment for pay received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring employment-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out (i) to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with employees, and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual employees; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without employees, along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the job and the related volume of working time in employment. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of earnings, which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed employees' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of employment, etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on income related to employment for pay.
199	199
200		-=== Data compilation ===
	208	+56. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of employees for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
201	201
202		-1. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
203		-1. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
204		-1. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
205		-11. Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
	210	+57. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced in field surveys in general, related to the reluctance of interviewed persons to provide income data, the difficulty in quantifying nonmonetary income, the relatively heavy workload for the statistical agencies and the risk of inaccurate responses, extra care should be taken in the preparatory phase, i.e. in the conception of appropriate definitions and guidelines, the drafting of directives and the training of officers. At a subsequent stage, special attention should be paid to the analysis and interpretation of the resulting income data and total and item nonresponse should be partly compensated through adjustment procedures.
206	206
207		-*
208		-** total cash remuneration;
209		-** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
210		-** profit-related pay;
211		-** employment-related social security benefits:
212		-*** received from employer;
213		-*** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
	212	+= Data compilation =
214	214
215		-1.
216		-11. Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
	214	+58. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different jobs or economic activities, employment-related income should be related to the job variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of employment duration and working time.
217	217
218		-*
	216	+59. In order to assess employment-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all jobs for each person. For each job, income data should be collected along with the individual's status in employment, the length of the reference period to which the income refers, working time in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
	217	+
	218	+60. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of income related to employment for pay or for profit, along the following lines:
	219	+
	220	+* (a) Gross income related to employment for pay, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 12:
	221	+** total cash remuneration;
	222	+*** total imputed value of remuneration in kind and services;
	223	+*** profit-related pay;
	224	+*** employment-related social security benefits:
	225	+**** received from employer;
	226	+**** received from social security and insurance schemes or the State.
	227	+* (b) Gross income related to employment for profit, excluding social security contributions as in paragraph 21:
219	219	** gross profit or where relevant gross output less operating expenses;
220	220	** consumption of fixed capital/depreciation;
221	221	** net profit (or share of profit);
222	222	** employment-related social security benefits.
223	223
224		-=== Data classification ===
	233	+= Data classification =
225	225
226		-1. Statistics of employment-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in employment and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in job and the formal or informal status of the job.
227		-1. Disaggregations of the main status in employment categories, as defined in ICSE according to the type of economic risk, may be relevant in order to distinguish specific groups such as owner-operators of corporations from employees, employers from other independent workers, permanent employees from temporary, seasonal or casual employees, etc.
228		-1. In order to measure the relationship between employment and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous jobs. The employment experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were employed (full or part time), unemployed and out of labour force. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing, such as:
229		-1*. full-year/full-time employment;
230		-1*. part-year/part-time employment with no unemployment:
	235	+61. Statistics of employment-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in employment and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on income related to employment for pay or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in job and the formal or informal status of the job.
231	231
232		-o for voluntary reasons; o for involuntary reasons;
	237	+62. Disaggregations of the main status in employment categories, as defined in ICSE according to the type of economic risk, may be relevant in order to distinguish specific groups such as owner-operators of corporations from employees, employers from other independent workers, permanent employees from temporary, seasonal or casual employees, etc.
233	233
234		-1.
235		-1*. part-year employment with some unemployment; ● mainly unemployment: o with some employment; o without employment;
236		-1*. mainly out of labour force with some employment.
237		-1. Further variables may be introduced, such as length of employment, spells and duration of unemployment, etc. Such classifications would permit the identification of the main types of employment-related hardship, the severity of employment problems and the degree of labour force attachment of persons experiencing economic hardship.
	239	+63. In order to measure the relationship between employment and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous jobs. The employment experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were employed (full or part time), unemployed and out of labour force. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of employment-related wellbeing, such as:
238	238
	241	+* full-year/full-time employment;
	242	+* part-year/part-time employment with no unemployment:
	243	+** for voluntary reasons;
	244	+** for involuntary reasons;
	245	+* part-year employment with some unemployment;
	246	+** mainly unemployment:
	247	+** with some employment;
	248	+** without employment;
	249	+* mainly out of labour force with some employment.
	250	+
	251	+64. Further variables may be introduced, such as length of employment, spells and duration of unemployment, etc. Such classifications would permit the identification of the main types of employment-related hardship, the severity of employment problems and the degree of labour force attachment of persons experiencing economic hardship.
	252	+
239	239	=== Periodicity ===
240	240
241	241	65. Countries should endeavour to regularly collect, compile and disseminate statistics of employment-related income at least every five years.