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156 156  
157 157  36. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different economic activities, the //[[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], //as defined in ICSE, is the basic entity on which information is to be collected and analysed. [[Jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] can be for pay or for profit, which can be characterized by industry, occupation and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] status, coded at the most detailed level of national or international classifications.
158 158  
159 -37. When the objective is the analysis of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related well-being of the population concerned, the desirable unit is the //individual person. //The individual is also relevant when analysing the relationship between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income and educational achievements, seniority in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) duration, etc. An individual may be engaged in a single [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], have multiple [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for pay or for profit, or own and operate more than one unincorporated enterprise, simultaneously or consecutively within a given reference period. From the individual's standpoint, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income corresponds to the sum of all incomes generated by all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as well as income from former [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]].
159 +37. When the objective is the analysis of the [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related well-being of the population concerned, the desirable unit is the //individual person. //The individual is also relevant when analysing the relationship between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income and educational achievements, seniority in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)work(%%) duration, etc. An individual may be engaged in a single [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], have multiple [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for pay or for profit, or own and operate more than one unincorporated enterprise, simultaneously or consecutively within a given reference period. From the individual's standpoint, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income corresponds to the sum of all incomes generated by all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] as well as income from former [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]].
160 160  
161 161  = Reference period =
162 162  
163 -38. In measuring [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] and for profit, account should be taken of the seasonal variations which affect the receipt of income, the fluctuations in (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) intensity of individuals, and the possible combination of multiple activities and periods of activity and inactivity of the population concerned. For this purpose, [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] and for profit should be measured over a long reference period, such as a full year.
163 +38. In measuring [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] and for profit, account should be taken of the seasonal variations which affect the receipt of income, the fluctuations in (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)work(%%) intensity of individuals, and the possible combination of multiple activities and periods of activity and inactivity of the population concerned. For this purpose, [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] and for profit should be measured over a long reference period, such as a full year.
164 164  
165 165  39. For data collection purposes, [[shorter reference periods>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]], such as a month or a quarter, may be used. Different activities and [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] may require different reference periods, such as a month for regular fulltime [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for pay, complemented by data on additional annual receipts, or a crop season in agricultural [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for profit. For analytical purposes, data on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income referring to [[short reference periods>>doc:working:Glossary.Short Reference Period.WebHome]] should be aggregated over the long reference period mentioned above.
166 166  
167 167  = Data requirements =
168 168  
169 -40. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], there should be consistency between the data on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] in a given [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the data on income generated by that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Data should therefore be collected on: the characteristics of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (industry, occupation, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] status), type of enterprise (individual enterprise, partnership, corporation, etc.), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] size and sector (e.g. informal or formal sector, public or private sector); (ii) the volume of labour input in the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and time (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%)); and (iii) the amount of income generated by that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
169 +40. For the measurement of the income-generating capacity of different [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], there should be consistency between the data on [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] in a given [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the data on income generated by that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Data should therefore be collected on: the characteristics of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (industry, occupation, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] status), type of enterprise (individual enterprise, partnership, corporation, etc.), [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] size and sector (e.g. informal or formal sector, public or private sector); (ii) the volume of labour input in the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] (duration of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and time (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)worked(%%)); and (iii) the amount of income generated by that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
170 170  
171 171  41. In order to analyse the relationship between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and the well-being of individuals, data are needed for each person: separately on the main and any additional [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] carried out during the reference period; (ii) the income derived from each of these [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]; (iii) the socio-economic characteristics of individuals: age, sex, education and skill level, etc.; and (iv) any spells of [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] or periods of being out of the [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] that an individual may have experienced during the given reference period.
172 172  
... ... @@ -174,15 +174,15 @@
174 174  
175 175  42. One of the requirements of the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income is that the part of the income directly generated by a [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] be related to the [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] which has gone into that [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. Income and [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] data should therefore refer, or be convertible, to the same period.
176 176  
177 -43. For each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] should be, expressed in the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., during which the activity has been carried out. Where the activity is carried out by several contributing family workers and income is the result of a joint labour input (e.g. in household enterprises), efforts should be made to measure the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) by each member.
177 +43. For each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] should be, expressed in the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., during which the activity has been carried out. Where the activity is carried out by several contributing family workers and income is the result of a joint labour input (e.g. in household enterprises), efforts should be made to measure the number of hours, days, weeks, etc., (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)worked(%%) by each member.
178 178  
179 179  44. At the individual level, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income should be measured for each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] carried out during the reference period, whether in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for pay or for profit, together with the corresponding labour input in each activity. During a one-year reference period, individuals may be, for different periods, [[employed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]], [[unemployed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unemployment.WebHome]] and out of [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] during which some or no [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income accrues. Each of these periods should be identified, account being taken of all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] performed, including casual or simultaneous [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. The main situations may be classified into broad categories relevant to the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related wellbeing (or hardship).
180 180  
181 181  == Measurement of hours of work ==
182 182  
183 -45. The measurement of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics.
183 +45. The measurement of hours of (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)work(%%) is dealt with in the resolution concerning the measurement of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] adopted by the 18^^th^^ ICLS in 2008. The [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] concepts defined in this resolution are relevant for the measurement and analysis of employmentrelated income, and countries should aim at applying them to produce [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] statistics.
184 184  
185 -46. Hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be identified for each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] separately for [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-level analysis and for all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for person-level analysis.
185 +46. Hours of (% style="color: rgb(231, 76, 60); color: rgb(231, 76, 60)" %)work(%%) should be identified for each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] separately for [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]-level analysis and for all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for person-level analysis.
186 186  
187 187  = Data sources =
188 188  
... ... @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
210 210  
211 211  One of the limitations of household surveys is that income can usually only be measured net, i.e. after deduction of social security contributions, income taxes, etc.
212 212  
213 -55. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out {{{(i)}}} to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the related volume of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]].
213 +55. Establishment surveys can also serve as a basis for the collection of data on those components of [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] received directly from the employer. For the purpose of measuring [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income, the coverage of traditional establishment surveys should be extended, or specially designed surveys should be carried out to cover small establishments, and household enterprises with [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], and (ii) to include and identify separately permanent, fixed-term, short-term and casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]; paid apprentices and interns; employers in corporations and owner-operators of corporations without [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], along with additional characteristics of interest such as part-time nature of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the related volume of [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. For the compilation of structural indicators on income related to pay, structural surveys of [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], which enable information to be collected on income levels and trends according to detailed [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]' characteristics (sex, age, occupation, conditions of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], etc.) are the most appropriate establishment surveys for the compilation of data on [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]].
214 214  
215 215  56. When the information collected in establishment surveys is supplemented by data drawn from other sources, such as tax and social security records, the social security benefits should relate to the same set of [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] for whom total remuneration data have been collected from the establishments.
216 216  
... ... @@ -218,9 +218,9 @@
218 218  
219 219  = Data compilation =
220 220  
221 -58. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] or economic activities, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income should be related to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] duration and [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]].
221 +58. In order to measure the income-generating capacity of different [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]] or economic activities, [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income should be related to the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]] variables (regular/casual, full/parttime, etc.) and measured within the framework of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] duration and [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]].
222 222  
223 -59. In order to assess [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] for each person. For each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]], income data should be collected along with the individual's status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], the length of the reference period to which the income refers, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
223 +59. In order to assess [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related well-being, data should be collected on income derived from all [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]] for each person. For each [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]], income data should be collected along with the individual's status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], the length of the reference period to which the income refers, [[working time>>doc:working:Glossary.Working Time.WebHome]] in hours, days, months, etc., where relevant.
224 224  
225 225  60. Data should be collected on the components, as well as on the aggregate, of [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] or for profit, along the following lines:
226 226  
... ... @@ -239,11 +239,11 @@
239 239  
240 240  = Data classification =
241 241  
242 -61. Statistics of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] and the formal or informal status of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]].
242 +61. Statistics of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related income should be classified by economic activity, status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and occupation or occupational group, at least according to the major groups and categories of the most recent version of the relevant international classifications. These statistics should be systematically disaggregated by sex in all analyses. Other important variables for cross-classifications of data on [[income related to employment for pay>>doc:working:Glossary.Income related to employment for pay.WebHome]] or for profit are sex, age, level of education, level of skill, seniority in [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]] and the formal or informal status of the [[job>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]].
243 243  
244 244  62. Disaggregations of the main status in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] categories, as defined in ICSE according to the type of economic risk, may be relevant in order to distinguish specific groups such as owner-operators of corporations from [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], employers from other independent workers, permanent [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] from temporary, seasonal or casual [[employees>>doc:working:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], etc.
245 245  
246 -63. In order to measure the relationship between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]]. The [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were [[employed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] (full or part time), [[unemployed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unemployment.WebHome]] and out of [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]]. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related wellbeing, such as:
246 +63. In order to measure the relationship between [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and income, account should be taken of all activities performed during the reference year, including simultaneous [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]]. The [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] experience of individuals during the reference period may be assessed through the identification of periods when they were [[employed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Employment.WebHome]] (full or part time), [[unemployed>>doc:working:Glossary.Persons in Unemployment.WebHome]] and out of [[labour force>>doc:working:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]]. At the aggregate level, the main situations may be regrouped into broad categories relevant to the measurement of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-related wellbeing, such as:
247 247  
248 248  * full-year/full-time [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]];
249 249  * part-year/part-time [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] with no [[unemployment>>doc:working:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]]:
... ... @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
277 277  
278 278  70. In household enterprises, and more generally in [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] for profit, activities may be jointly performed by several members of the household without formal or individualized [[earnings>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] or income. In that case, the profit or mixed income derived by the head of the household enterprise also rewards the participation of contributing family workers (as defined in the most recent version of ICSE) whose participation in the economic activity is of varying duration and intensity and at different levels of responsibility. It is therefore necessary to assess the contribution of these workers, disaggregated at least by sex and age, to the economic development of household enterprises.
279 279  
280 -71. Contributing family workers generally have [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Job.WebHome]] whose occupational content and level of responsibilities differ from that of the owner or partners of the enterprise. The measurement of their participation involves: the measurement of the volume of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] put into the activity, in terms of hours, days, weeks, etc., and (ii) the imputation of an income value to their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). This imputed value can be based on the market rates for equivalent occupations.
280 +71. Contributing family workers generally have [[jobs>>doc:working:Glossary.Work Activity.WebHome]] whose occupational content and level of responsibilities differ from that of the owner or partners of the enterprise. The measurement of their participation involves: the measurement of the volume of [[employment>>doc:working:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] put into the activity, in terms of hours, days, weeks, etc., and (ii) the imputation of an income value to their (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%). This imputed value can be based on the market rates for equivalent occupations.
281 281  
282 282  72. Several variants may be calculated, using for instance the [[minimum wage>>doc:working:Glossary.Minimum wage.WebHome]] of certain suitable occupations, or the average [[wage>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]], by sex and occupation or sector, of substitute workers. [[Wages>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] may be allocated "gross" or "net". Imputed gross [[wages>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] (where relevant, including the employer's imputed contributions to social security and similar schemes) can provide an indication of the expense foregone by the head of the household enterprise, while imputed [[wages>>doc:working:Glossary.Earnings.WebHome]] net of taxes and social security contributions appear more suitable since the labour of contributing family workers does not usually generate social security contributions.
283 283