Changes for page Resolution concerning an integrated system of wages statistics, the 12th ICLS

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1		-Earnings\|Employees\|Employment Work\|Hours Actually Worked\|Labour Force\|Labour cost\|Persons in Employment\|Short Reference Period\|Time Unit\|Wage rates

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--{{box t{{{(i)}}}tle="**Contents**"}}
++{{box title="**Contents**"}}
  {{toc/}}
  {{/box}}
--Recall{{{(i)}}}ng the ex{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) conta{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n the resolut{{{(i)}}}ons of the F{{{(i)}}}rst, Seventh, Tenth and Eleventh Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Conferences of Labour Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}ans and {{{(i)}}}n Convent{{{(i)}}}on No. 63 concern{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) (1938),
++Recalling the existing international standards of statistics of wages and hours of work contained in the resolutions of the First, Seventh, Tenth and Eleventh International Conferences of Labour Statisticians and in Convention No. 63 concerning statistics of wages and hours of work (1938),
--Recogn{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}ng that the need for rel{{{(i)}}}able {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on on [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and other forms of [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}ncome has {{{(i)}}}ncreased {{{(i)}}}n recent years both {{{(i)}}}n developed and {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, part{{{(i)}}}cularly for purposes of measur{{{(i)}}}ng soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c progress among the var{{{(i)}}}ous groups {{{(i)}}}n the populat{{{(i)}}}on,
++Recognising that the need for reliable information on wages and other forms of employee income has increased in recent years both in developed and in developing countries, particularly for purposes of measuring social and economic progress among the various groups in the population,
--Recogn{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}ng further the need to rev{{{(i)}}}se, broaden and {{{(i)}}}ntegrate the ex{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ng standards {{{(i)}}}n order to prov{{{(i)}}}de gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes for the product{{{(i)}}}on of comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve and mutually cons{{{(i)}}}stent stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] ({{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng [[salar{{{(i)}}}es>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]]) and the need to co-ord{{{(i)}}}nate these stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs w{{{(i)}}}th other econom{{{(i)}}}c and soc{{{(i)}}}al stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs,
++Recognising further the need to revise, broaden and integrate the existing standards in order to provide guidelines for the production of comprehensive and mutually consistent statistics of wages (including salaries) and the need to co-ordinate these statistics with other economic and social statistics,
--Bel{{{(i)}}}ev{{{(i)}}}ng that, wh{{{(i)}}}le there are d{{{(i)}}}fferences among the needs of the var{{{(i)}}}ous countr{{{(i)}}}es, {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes for an {{{(i)}}}ntegrated system of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs w{{{(i)}}}ll promote development of these stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs along sound l{{{(i)}}}nes and contr{{{(i)}}}bute to {{{(i)}}}mprovement of the{{{(i)}}}r {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal comparab{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty,
++Believing that, while there are differences among the needs of the various countries, international guidelines for an integrated system of wages statistics will promote development of these statistics along sound lines and contribute to improvement of their international comparability,
--Adopts th{{{(i)}}}s twenty-f{{{(i)}}}fth day of October 1973 the follow{{{(i)}}}ng resolut{{{(i)}}}on:
++Adopts this twenty-fifth day of October 1973 the following resolution:
--= General object{{{(i)}}}ves and scope =
++= General objectives and scope =
--~1. Each country should a{{{(i)}}}m to develop {{{(i)}}}ts stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cal programme {{{(i)}}}n the f{{{(i)}}}eld of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and related matters to prov{{{(i)}}}de {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on for the var{{{(i)}}}ous users of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, tak{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nto account part{{{(i)}}}cular nat{{{(i)}}}onal needs and c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances.The programme should prov{{{(i)}}}de for the needs of users {{{(i)}}}n connect{{{(i)}}}on w{{{(i)}}}th the measurement of levels of l{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ng of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] determ{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on, collect{{{(i)}}}ve barga{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng, soc{{{(i)}}}al, econom{{{(i)}}}c and manpower plann{{{(i)}}}ng, analys{{{(i)}}}s of econom{{{(i)}}}c cond{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons and market cond{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons, formulat{{{(i)}}}ng and {{{(i)}}}mplement{{{(i)}}}ng [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] pol{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}es and {{{(i)}}}ncome pol{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}es and stud{{{(i)}}}es of {{{(i)}}}ncome d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on.
++~1. Each country should aim to develop its statistical programme in the field of wages, hours of work and related matters to provide information for the various users of the statistics, taking into account particular national needs and circumstances.  The programme should provide for the needs of users in connection with the measurement of levels of living of employees, wage determination, collective bargaining, social, economic and manpower planning, analysis of economic conditions and market conditions, formulating and implementing wage policies and income policies and studies of income distribution.
--2. ({{{(i)}}} ) In order to real{{{(i)}}}se the above object{{{(i)}}}ves, nat{{{(i)}}}onal programmes of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and related stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should, {{{(i)}}}n pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ple, cover all sect{{{(i)}}}ons of the economy, should be developed w{{{(i)}}}th{{{(i)}}}n the general framework of an {{{(i)}}}ntegrated system and should compr{{{(i)}}}se two parts: (a) current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme to meet short-term needs and (b) non-current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme to prov{{{(i)}}}de benchmark data as well as other deta{{{(i)}}}led data to meet long-term and cont{{{(i)}}}nu{{{(i)}}}ng needs.
++2. (i ) In order to realise the above objectives, national programmes of wages and related statistics should, in principle, cover all sections of the economy, should be developed within the general framework of an integrated system and should comprise two parts:  (a) current statistics programme to meet short-term needs and (b) non-current statistics programme to provide benchmark data as well as other detailed data to meet long-term and continuing needs.
--({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) In establ{{{(i)}}}sh{{{(i)}}}ng any nat{{{(i)}}}onal programme of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and related stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, the collaborat{{{(i)}}}on of organ{{{(i)}}}sat{{{(i)}}}ons of employers and workers should be sought.
++(ii) In establishing any national programme of wages and related statistics, the collaboration of organisations of employers and workers should be sought.
--3. The d{{{(i)}}}fferent {{{(i)}}}tems and ser{{{(i)}}}es of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and related stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs {{{(i)}}}ncluded {{{(i)}}}n the nat{{{(i)}}}onal programme should be comp{{{(i)}}}led {{{(i)}}}n such a way as to be mutually cons{{{(i)}}}stent and reveal the relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps between them. Cons{{{(i)}}}stency w{{{(i)}}}th other econom{{{(i)}}}c and soc{{{(i)}}}al stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should also be ensured to the fullest extent poss{{{(i)}}}ble.
++3. The different items and series of wages and related statistics included in the national programme should be compiled in such a way as to be mutually consistent and reveal the relationships between them.  Consistency with other economic and social statistics should also be ensured to the fullest extent possible.
--4. ({{{(i)}}} ) The current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme should cover: (a) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) ({{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng, {{{(i)}}}f poss{{{(i)}}}ble, [[hours actually worked>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]]) and (b) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
++4. (i ) The current statistics programme should cover:  (a) statistics of average earnings and hours of work (including, if possible, hours actually worked) and (b) statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work.
--({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) The non-current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme should {{{(i)}}}nclude: (a) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on and (b) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]].
++(ii) The non-current statistics programme should include:  (a) statistics of wage structure and distribution and (b) statistics of labour cost.
--5. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) relevant to [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led, so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble, {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes g{{{(i)}}}ven {{{(i)}}}n the resolut{{{(i)}}}on of the Tenth Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Conference of Labour Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}ans (1962) concern{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
++5. Statistics of hours of work relevant to wages statistics should be compiled, so far as possible, in accordance with comprehensive guidelines given in the resolution of the Tenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (1962) concerning statistics of hours of work.
--6. [[Labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led, so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble, {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th the resolut{{{(i)}}}on of the Eleventh Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Conference of Labour Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}ans (1966) concern{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]].
++6. Labour cost statistics should be compiled, so far as possible, in accordance with the resolution of the Eleventh International Conference of Labour Statisticians (1966) concerning statistics of labour cost.
--7. In v{{{(i)}}}ew of the spec{{{(i)}}}al problems of collect{{{(i)}}}on of the data, a separate programme of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be drawn up for the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector, w{{{(i)}}}th{{{(i)}}}n the scope of the general framework of an {{{(i)}}}ntegrated system of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th the general recommendat{{{(i)}}}ons below, so far as they are appl{{{(i)}}}cable and, so far as {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s pract{{{(i)}}}cable to do so, also {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th the spec{{{(i)}}}al recommendat{{{(i)}}}ons on agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs wh{{{(i)}}}ch follow.
++7. In view of the special problems of collection of the data, a separate programme of wages statistics should be drawn up for the agricultural sector, within the scope of the general framework of an integrated system of wages statistics, in accordance with the general recommendations below, so far as they are applicable and, so far as it is practicable to do so, also in accordance with the special recommendations on agricultural wages statistics which follow.
--= Concepts and earn{{{(i)}}}ngs =
++= Concepts and earnings =
--== Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs ==
++== Earnings ==
--8. The concept of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], as appl{{{(i)}}}ed {{{(i)}}}n [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, relates to remunerat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n cash and {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd pa{{{(i)}}}d to [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], as a rule at regular {{{(i)}}}ntervals, for t{{{(i)}}}me (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) done together w{{{(i)}}}th remunerat{{{(i)}}}on for t{{{(i)}}}me not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), such as for annual vacat{{{(i)}}}on, other pa{{{(i)}}}d leave or hol{{{(i)}}}days. [[Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] exclude employers' contr{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}ons {{{(i)}}}n respect of the{{{(i)}}}r [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] pa{{{(i)}}}d to soc{{{(i)}}}al secur{{{(i)}}}ty and pens{{{(i)}}}on schemes and also the benef{{{(i)}}}ts rece{{{(i)}}}ved by [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] under these schemes. [[Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] also exclude severance and term{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on pay.
++8. The concept of earnings, as applied in wages statistics, relates to remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holidays.  Earnings exclude employers' contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received by employees under these schemes.  Earnings also exclude severance and termination pay.
--9. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should relate to [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] gross remunerat{{{(i)}}}on, {{{(i)}}}.e. the total before any deduct{{{(i)}}}ons are made by the employer {{{(i)}}}n respect of taxes, contr{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}ons of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] to soc{{{(i)}}}al secur{{{(i)}}}ty and pens{{{(i)}}}on schemes, l{{{(i)}}}fe {{{(i)}}}nsurance prem{{{(i)}}}ums, un{{{(i)}}}on dues and other obl{{{(i)}}}gat{{{(i)}}}ons of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
++9. Statistics of earnings should relate to employees gross remuneration, i.e. the total before any deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other obligations of employees.
--10. ({{{(i)}}} ) [[Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}nclude: d{{{(i)}}}rect [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and [[salar{{{(i)}}}es>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], remunerat{{{(i)}}}on for t{{{(i)}}}me not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) (exclud{{{(i)}}}ng severance and term{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on pay), bonuses and gratu{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and hous{{{(i)}}}ng and fam{{{(i)}}}ly allowances pa{{{(i)}}}d by the employer d{{{(i)}}}rectly to h{{{(i)}}}s [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
++10. (i) Earnings should include:  direct wages and salaries, remuneration for time not worked (excluding severance and termination pay), bonuses and gratuities and housing and family allowances paid by the employer directly to his employee.
--* (a) D{{{(i)}}}rect [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and [[salar{{{(i)}}}es>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] for t{{{(i)}}}me (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%), or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) done, cover: ({{{(i)}}} ) stra{{{(i)}}}ght-t{{{(i)}}}me pay of t{{{(i)}}}merated workers; ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) {{{(i)}}}ncent{{{(i)}}}ve pay of t{{{(i)}}}me-rated workers; ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of p{{{(i)}}}eceworkers (exclud{{{(i)}}}ng overt{{{(i)}}}me prem{{{(i)}}}ums); ({{{(i)}}}v) prem{{{(i)}}}um pay for overt{{{(i)}}}me, sh{{{(i)}}}ft, n{{{(i)}}}ght and hol{{{(i)}}}day (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%); (v) comm{{{(i)}}}ss{{{(i)}}}ons pa{{{(i)}}}d to sales and other personnel. Included are: prem{{{(i)}}}ums for sen{{{(i)}}}or{{{(i)}}}ty and spec{{{(i)}}}al sk{{{(i)}}}lls, geograph{{{(i)}}}cal zone d{{{(i)}}}fferent{{{(i)}}}als, respons{{{(i)}}}b{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty prem{{{(i)}}}ums, d{{{(i)}}}rt, danger and d{{{(i)}}}scomfort allowances, payments under guaranteed [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] systems, cost-of-l{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ng allowances and other regular allowances.
--* (b) Remunerat{{{(i)}}}on for t{{{(i)}}}me not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) compr{{{(i)}}}ses d{{{(i)}}}rect payments to [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n respect of publ{{{(i)}}}c hol{{{(i)}}}days, annual vacat{{{(i)}}}ons and other t{{{(i)}}}me off w{{{(i)}}}th pay granted by the employer.
--* (c) Bonuses and gratu{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es cover seasonal and end-of-year bonuses, add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal payments {{{(i)}}}n respect of vacat{{{(i)}}}on per{{{(i)}}}od (supplementary to normal pay) and prof{{{(i)}}}t-shar{{{(i)}}}ng bonuses.
++* (a) Direct wages and salaries for time worked, or work done, cover:  (i) straight-time pay of timerated workers;  (ii) incentive pay of time-rated workers;  (iii) earnings of pieceworkers (excluding overtime premiums);  (iv) premium pay for overtime, shift, night and holiday work; (v) commissions paid to sales and other personnel.  Included are:  premiums for seniority and special skills, geographical zone differentials, responsibility premiums, dirt, danger and discomfort allowances, payments under guaranteed wage systems, cost-of-living allowances and other regular allowances.
++* (b) Remuneration for time not worked comprises direct payments to employees in respect of public holidays, annual vacations and other time off with pay granted by the employer.
++* (c) Bonuses and gratuities cover seasonal and end-of-year bonuses, additional payments in respect of vacation period (supplementary to normal pay) and profit-sharing bonuses.
--({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should d{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ngu{{{(i)}}}sh cash [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] from payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd.
++(ii) Statistics of earnings should distinguish cash earnings from payments in kind.
  == Wage rates ==
--~11. The data on t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should relate to an appropr{{{(i)}}}ate t{{{(i)}}}me per{{{(i)}}}od such as the hour, day, week, month or other customary per{{{(i)}}}od used for purposes of determ{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng the [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] concerned.
++~11. The data on time rates of wages should relate to an appropriate time period such as the hour, day, week, month or other customary period used for purposes of determining the wage rates concerned.
--12. [[Wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}nclude bas{{{(i)}}}c [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], cost-of-l{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ng allowances and other guaranteed and regularly pa{{{(i)}}}d allowances, but exclude overt{{{(i)}}}me payments, bonuses and gratu{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es, fam{{{(i)}}}ly allowances and other soc{{{(i)}}}al secur{{{(i)}}}ty payments made by employers. Ex grat{{{(i)}}}a payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd, supplementary to normal [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], are also excluded.
++12. Wage rates should include basic wages, cost-of-living allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances, but exclude overtime payments, bonuses and gratuities, family allowances and other social security payments made by employers.  Ex gratia payments in kind, supplementary to normal wage rates, are also excluded.
--13. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] f{{{(i)}}}xed by or {{{(i)}}}n pursuance of laws or regulat{{{(i)}}}ons, collect{{{(i)}}}ve agreements or arb{{{(i)}}}tral awards (wh{{{(i)}}}ch are generally m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum or standard rates) should be clearly d{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ngu{{{(i)}}}shed from stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs referr{{{(i)}}}ng to [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] actually pa{{{(i)}}}d to {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}dual workers. Each of these types of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}s useful for part{{{(i)}}}cular purposes.
++13. Statistics of wage rates fixed by or in pursuance of laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards (which are generally minimum or standard rates) should be clearly distinguished from statistics referring to wage rates actually paid to individual workers.  Each of these types of wage rates is useful for particular purposes.
--14. T{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] for normal per{{{(i)}}}ods of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be d{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ngu{{{(i)}}}shed from spec{{{(i)}}}al and other rates such as p{{{(i)}}}ece rates, overt{{{(i)}}}me rates, prem{{{(i)}}}um rates for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on hol{{{(i)}}}days and sh{{{(i)}}}ft rates.
++14. Time rates of wages for normal periods of work should be distinguished from special and other rates such as piece rates, overtime rates, premium rates for work on holidays and shift rates.
--== Wage payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd ==
++== Wage payments in kind ==
--15. In v{{{(i)}}}ew of the dual nature of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] as cost to the employer and [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of the [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}t may be necessary to evaluate [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd accord{{{(i)}}}ng to both of these concepts.
++15. In view of the dual nature of wages as cost to the employer and earnings of the employee, it may be necessary to evaluate wage payments in kind according to both of these concepts.
--16. In pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ple, for [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, payment {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd should be measured on the bas{{{(i)}}}s of the value accrued to the [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], s{{{(i)}}}nce [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] refer to the remunerat{{{(i)}}}on or {{{(i)}}}ncome of a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed group of [[employed persons>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]], whereas for stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] and [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]] the evaluat{{{(i)}}}on should be done on the bas{{{(i)}}}s of cost to the employer s{{{(i)}}}nce these data refer to the cost of un{{{(i)}}}ts of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) t{{{(i)}}}me.
++16. In principle, for earnings statistics, payment in kind should be measured on the basis of the value accrued to the employee, since earnings refer to the remuneration or income of a specified group of employed persons, whereas for statistics of wage rates and labour cost the evaluation should be done on the basis of cost to the employer since these data refer to the cost of units of work time.
--17. Evaluat{{{(i)}}}on of remunerat{{{(i)}}}on rece{{{(i)}}}ved {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd on the bas{{{(i)}}}s of reta{{{(i)}}}l market pr{{{(i)}}}ces generally prov{{{(i)}}}des a reasonable est{{{(i)}}}mate of the value accrued to the [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. Th{{{(i)}}}s method {{{(i)}}}s frequently followed when {{{(i)}}}ncome data, {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], are collected through household surveys.
++17. Evaluation of remuneration received in kind on the basis of retail market prices generally provides a reasonable estimate of the value accrued to the employee.  This method is frequently followed when income data, including wages, are collected through household surveys.
--18. When [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] data are furn{{{(i)}}}shed by the employer, {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s generally eas{{{(i)}}}er for h{{{(i)}}}m to express the money value of any payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd wh{{{(i)}}}ch are {{{(i)}}}ncluded as equal to the cost to h{{{(i)}}}m of the goods or serv{{{(i)}}}ces concerned but, {{{(i)}}}f the employer {{{(i)}}}s unable to report the actual cost {{{(i)}}}ncurred, {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s conven{{{(i)}}}ent to use producers' sell{{{(i)}}}ng pr{{{(i)}}}ces, or wholesale pr{{{(i)}}}ces. However, to evaluate the level of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], and adjustment should be made for the d{{{(i)}}}fference between cost to the employer and reta{{{(i)}}}l pr{{{(i)}}}ces wherever payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd are s{{{(i)}}}gn{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cant.
++18. When earnings data are furnished by the employer, it is generally easier for him to express the money value of any payments in kind which are included as equal to the cost to him of the goods or services concerned but, if the employer is unable to report the actual cost incurred, it is convenient to use producers' selling prices, or wholesale prices.  However, to evaluate the level of earnings of employees, and adjustment should be made for the difference between cost to the employer and retail prices wherever payments in kind are significant.
--= Current wages stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme =
++= Current wages statistics programme =
--19. The current programme should be des{{{(i)}}}gned to prov{{{(i)}}}de essent{{{(i)}}}al data at frequent {{{(i)}}}ntervals {{{(i)}}}n order to measure trends and short-term changes {{{(i)}}}n average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
++The current programme should be designed to provide essential data at frequent intervals in order to measure trends and short-term changes in average earnings, hours of work, time rates of wages and normal hours of work.
--20. In determ{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng the scope and content of the current programme, the need for speed {{{(i)}}}n the collect{{{(i)}}}on and {{{(i)}}}n the process{{{(i)}}}ng of data at reasonable cost should be a major cons{{{(i)}}}derat{{{(i)}}}on.
++1. In determining the scope and content of the current programme, the need for speed in the collection and in the processing of data at reasonable cost should be a major consideration.
++1. In determining the scope of particular wages statistics series, the need to permit the computation of a satisfactory index of real wages should be borne in mind.  In principle, consumer price data and wages data relating to the same group of the wage-earning population should be obtained for this purpose.
--21. In determ{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng the scope of part{{{(i)}}}cular [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs ser{{{(i)}}}es, the need to perm{{{(i)}}}t the computat{{{(i)}}}on of a sat{{{(i)}}}sfactory {{{(i)}}}ndex of real [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should be borne {{{(i)}}}n m{{{(i)}}}nd. In pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ple, consumer pr{{{(i)}}}ce data and [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] data relat{{{(i)}}}ng to the same group of the [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]]-earn{{{(i)}}}ng populat{{{(i)}}}on should be obta{{{(i)}}}ned for th{{{(i)}}}s purpose.
++= Statistics of average earnings and hours of work =
--== Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average earn{{{(i)}}}ngs and hours of work ==
++1. The current programme of statistics of average earnings and hours of work should cover all important categories of wage earners and salaried employees in all major economic activities in the country.
++1. Statistical inquiries on earnings and hours of work may often be advantageously combined with a current survey of establishments carried out for purposes of employment, using the whole of the sample of establishments or a sub-sample.  Some other current surveys may lend themselves to the collection of data on earnings and hours of work.
++1. While compilation of statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a monthly basis is desirable, this imposes a heavy burden on establishments and on statistical offices.  On the other hand, half-yearly or annual collection of data does not provide adequate indicators of short-term seasonal variations or trends.  As a minimum, the current programme should include the compilation of quarterly statistics of average earnings and hours of work.
++1. The time reference periods for data and the arrangements for collection of data should reflect the typical conditions of disbursement of earnings by establishments and the usual payroll periods used in the different industries covered by the inquiry.
++1. In a quarterly survey, data could be collected for a typical payroll in respect of only one month, or of each month, thus providing in the latter case a monthly series and permitting calculation of quarterly averages.
++1. Wherever possible, monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings should be published excluding irregular or infrequent payments such as year-end, half-yearly and similar bonuses in order that the short-term trend in regular earnings will be reflected.
++1. If the national monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings exclude certain important components, such as the annual or other infrequent payments mentioned above, the current programme of earnings statistics should include the compilation once a year, wherever possible, of statistics of average earnings including these particular components.
++1. For issuing data in national publications, the time unit in which average earnings are expressed, e.g. hour, day, week, or month, should depend mainly on how meaningful the figures would be in the country concerned and also on the feasibility of collection of the required data.
++1. For purposes of international comparisons, it is desirable to present statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a per week basis.  Data on earnings and hours for periods other than a week should be converted to a per week basis by applying the ratio between the number of working days in the period covered and the number in a normal week (including fractions of a day in each case).
++1. For certain types of comparisons, statistics of average earnings per hour are preferable since hours of work per day, week or month vary over time and between industries and regions and also from one country to another.
++1. In countries which compile statistics of average earnings per hour paid for, information on hours actually worked not being available regularly, additional information should be collected, wherever possible, to determine the ratio between the number of hours actually worked and the number of hours paid for.
++1. Wherever the available data permit, the statistics of average earnings and hours of work should be compiled for males and for females for all employees and for wage earners and salaried employees separately, by industry and by region.
--22. The current programme of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should cover all {{{(i)}}}mportant categor{{{(i)}}}es of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners and salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n all major econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}n the country.
++= Statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work =
--23. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cal {{{(i)}}}nqu{{{(i)}}}r{{{(i)}}}es on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) may often be advantageously comb{{{(i)}}}ned w{{{(i)}}}th a current survey of establ{{{(i)}}}shments carr{{{(i)}}}ed out for purposes of [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], us{{{(i)}}}ng the whole of the sample of establ{{{(i)}}}shments or a sub-sample. Some other current surveys may lend themselves to the collect{{{(i)}}}on of data on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
++1. National current statistics programmes should make provision, wherever appropriate, for the compilation of statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work covering wage earners in each of the important industries.  The statistics may take the form of time rates of wages and "normal" hours of work actually in force in representative establishments or, alternatively, of the rates and normal hours of work fixed by, or in pursuance of, laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards. The statistics should be compiled in respect of adult males and adult females in important occupations, or groups of closely related occupations, in each of the principal industries.  Wherever appropriate, corresponding statistics should be compiled for the principal occupations among salaried employees.
++1. For compilation of time rates of wages actually paid by establishments and the corresponding hours of work, sample surveys of establishments normally should be undertaken at yearly intervals in respect of important occupations in the principal industries in the country, wherever the facilities and resources available permit.  It is possible to cover the same ground by undertaking an annual cycle of monthly surveys each covering a certain selection of occupational groups.  The data thus obtained provide valuable up-to-date information to supplement the results of wage structure and distribution surveys undertaken at longer intervals.
++1. Where the statistics of time rates of wages do not give the rates per hour but refer to a day, week or other customary period, the statistics of normal hours of work should relate to an identical period.  However, if the data collected refer to days of work, in place of hours, information also should be obtained on the average duration of the working day, for purposes of calculating rates per hour.
--24. Wh{{{(i)}}}le comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on a monthly bas{{{(i)}}}s {{{(i)}}}s des{{{(i)}}}rable, th{{{(i)}}}s {{{(i)}}}mposes a heavy burden on establ{{{(i)}}}shments and on stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cal off{{{(i)}}}ces. On the other hand, half-yearly or annual collect{{{(i)}}}on of data does not prov{{{(i)}}}de adequate {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}cators of short-term seasonal var{{{(i)}}}at{{{(i)}}}ons or trends. As a m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum, the current programme should {{{(i)}}}nclude the comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of quarterly stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
++= Statistics of wage structure and distribution =
--25. The t{{{(i)}}}me reference per{{{(i)}}}ods for data and the arrangements for collect{{{(i)}}}on of data should reflect the typ{{{(i)}}}cal cond{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons of d{{{(i)}}}sbursement of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] by establ{{{(i)}}}shments and the usual payroll per{{{(i)}}}ods used {{{(i)}}}n the d{{{(i)}}}fferent {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es covered by the {{{(i)}}}nqu{{{(i)}}}ry.
++37. Wage structure and distribution surveys, including wage censuses, large-scale ad hoc occupational wage surveys and similar inquiries, provide comprehensive benchmark data for use in the compilation of current statistics of average earnings, hours of work, time rates of wages and normal hours of work and detailed data permitting the compilation of:
--26. In a quarterly survey, data could be collected for a typ{{{(i)}}}cal payroll {{{(i)}}}n respect of only one month, or of each month, thus prov{{{(i)}}}d{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}n the latter case a monthly ser{{{(i)}}}es and perm{{{(i)}}}tt{{{(i)}}}ng calculat{{{(i)}}}on of quarterly averages.
++1. statistics of wage rates, earnings and hours of work of wage earners and salaried employees to indicate wage differentials between branches of industry, geographic regions, occupations, males and females, establishments of different sizes and possibly also age groups, educational levels and types of vocational training or qualifications of employees;
++1. detailed data on the composition and components of earnings and wage rates;
++1. statistics showing the distribution of wage earners and salaried employees according to levels of wage rates, earnings and hours of work respectively, classified by various important characteristics of employees.
++11. Sample surveys of establishments generally constitute the most suitable means for collection of data on wage structure and distribution.  It is particularly important that the design and size of the sample of establishments be adequate and in particular that all sizes of establishments within the scope of the survey, all industries and regions should be correctly represented.
++11. In principle, all categories of wage earners and salaried employees, including full time and part time, permanent and temporary, should be covered in the survey.  Information may be obtained in respect of all eligible employees in the selected establishments, or a representative sample of these employees.  The information collected concerning each employee should include wage rates, earnings, hours of work, age, sex, occupation and, if possible, education, vocational training or qualification, period of service and, where desired, other relevant particulars.  Managerial staff remunerated predominantly by a share of profits should be excluded.
++11. In view of the breadth and complexity of wage structure and distribution surveys, countries which undertake them should normally do so only at three- to five-year intervals.
++11. Although a time reference period of one year is ideal for certain data collected in wage structure and distribution surveys, in practice it is usually necessary to select a shorter reference period considered to be sufficiently representative for the purpose of obtaining data on earnings as well as other items.
++11. Data on the composition of earnings and wage rates should be consistent with the classification of components of earnings mentioned in paragraph 10.  Supplementary information may be collected on the scales for piece rates, overtime rates, premium rates for work on holidays, shift differentials and similar payments.
++11. Statistics of wage rates, earnings and hours of work by occupation should be compiled in as much detail as possible.
--27. Wherever poss{{{(i)}}}ble, monthly or quarterly stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] should be publ{{{(i)}}}shed exclud{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}rregular or {{{(i)}}}nfrequent payments such as year-end, half-yearly and s{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}lar bonuses {{{(i)}}}n order that the short-term trend {{{(i)}}}n regular [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] w{{{(i)}}}ll be reflected.
++= Agricultural wages statistics =
--28. If the nat{{{(i)}}}onal monthly or quarterly stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] exclude certa{{{(i)}}}n {{{(i)}}}mportant components, such as the annual or other {{{(i)}}}nfrequent payments ment{{{(i)}}}oned above, the current programme of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should {{{(i)}}}nclude the comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on once a year, wherever poss{{{(i)}}}ble, of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng these part{{{(i)}}}cular components.
++1. The concepts and definitions given above would be generally applicable to the agricultural sector.  Such adaptations as may be necessary in particular countries to meet special conditions in agriculture would normally not be of a fundamental character.  Although the international definition of labour cost is also applicable to the whole agricultural sector, statistics of labour cost in the traditional subsector of agriculture would not be very meaningful since hired labour constitutes only a minor part of total labour input.
++1. For purposes of wage statistics, the agricultural sector should comprise major groups 111 (Agricultural and Livestock Production) and 112 (Agricultural Services) of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities.  In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to compile data separately for each of these major groups.
++1. As the factors affecting wages, hours of work and other conditions of employment in hunting, trapping and game propagation (major group 113 of the ISIC), forestry and logging (division 12) and fishing (division 13) are generally different from those concerning agriculture, these activities should normally be excluded from the scope of agricultural wages statistics.
++1. The definition of "agricultural work" established for the 1970 World Census of Agriculture should be adopted for the purposes of wages statistics, so far as possible.  By agricultural work or agricultural activities is meant any farm work or planning necessary to the operation of the holding.
++1. Wherever possible, separate data should be compiled for permanent or regular employees and others, such as temporary and casual workers.
++1. In developed countries and for the modern agricultural sector in developing countries, statistics of earnings based on payrolls and other records of employers should be collected, using the agricultural holding as the reporting unit.  However, agricultural employees, apart from permanent employees, are not necessarily attached to one particular agricultural holding.  Notably in developing countries, more especially in the traditional sector of agriculture, prolonged continuous employment with the same employer is relatively rare and, in addition, some workers alternate between working for wages and self-employment, or between agricultural and non-agricultural employment.  In such situations, the agricultural holding is not the most suitable reporting unit for collection of certain types of data, especially for comprehensive statistics of average earnings during the year from agricultural employment and for statistics of the corresponding hours worked.
++1. Statistics of agricultural wages in the traditional subsector may be obtained through household sample surveys.  The principal activity criterion should be used for defining agricultural employees.  A person would thus be considered to be an agricultural employee if the principal source of the income accrued to him during a specified reference period was agricultural wages.
--29. For {{{(i)}}}ssu{{{(i)}}}ng data {{{(i)}}}n nat{{{(i)}}}onal publ{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons, the [[t{{{(i)}}}me un{{{(i)}}}t>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.T{{{(i)}}}me Un{{{(i)}}}t.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n wh{{{(i)}}}ch average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] are expressed, e.g. hour, day, week, or month, should depend ma{{{(i)}}}nly on how mean{{{(i)}}}ngful the f{{{(i)}}}gures would be {{{(i)}}}n the country concerned and also on the feas{{{(i)}}}b{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty of collect{{{(i)}}}on of the requ{{{(i)}}}red data.
++= Programme of agricultural wages statistics =
--30. For purposes of {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal compar{{{(i)}}}sons, {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s des{{{(i)}}}rable to present stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on a per week bas{{{(i)}}}s. Data on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours for per{{{(i)}}}ods other than a week should be converted to a per week bas{{{(i)}}}s by apply{{{(i)}}}ng the rat{{{(i)}}}o between the number of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) days {{{(i)}}}n the per{{{(i)}}}od covered and the number {{{(i)}}}n a normal week ({{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng fract{{{(i)}}}ons of a day {{{(i)}}}n each case).
++1. National programmes of current and non-current agricultural wages statistics should be developed within the framework of an integrated system covering statistics of earnings, wage rates, hours of work and labour cost, so far as possible.  Since the resources required for the production of agricultural wages statistics are substantial, particularly in developing countries, priorities should be carefully determined to ensure smooth and satisfactory progress of the national programme of wages statistics.
++1. In the developing countries, in order to take account of the problems specific to them, separate subprogrammes of wages statistics should be developed for traditional and organised agriculture, where different methods and data collection techniques are needed.  So far as possible, the data collected in the two subsectors should be suitable for combination to produce statistics for the agricultural sector as a whole.
++1. Selected statistics should be compiled separately for agricultural employees who are paid wholly in cash, those paid wholly in kind and those paid partly in each medium.  In addition, information should be given on the amounts for major components of payments in kind, such as food and housing, which are included in published statistics of average earnings of agricultural employees.
++1. Wherever possible, the data should be classified according to occupation and according to broad types of agricultural holdings (dairy, poultry, livestock, field crops, mixed farms, etc.).
--31. For certa{{{(i)}}}n types of compar{{{(i)}}}sons, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] per hour are preferable s{{{(i)}}}nce hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) per day, week or month vary over t{{{(i)}}}me and between {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es and reg{{{(i)}}}ons and also from one country to another.
++= Current agricultural wages statistics =
--32. In countr{{{(i)}}}es wh{{{(i)}}}ch comp{{{(i)}}}le stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] per hour pa{{{(i)}}}d for, {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on on [[hours actually worked>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] not be{{{(i)}}}ng ava{{{(i)}}}lable regularly, add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on should be collected, wherever poss{{{(i)}}}ble, to determ{{{(i)}}}ne the rat{{{(i)}}}o between the number of [[hours actually worked>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Hours Actually Worked.WebHome]] and the number of hours pa{{{(i)}}}d for.
++1. Since there is seasonal variation in agricultural activity, and since the relative importance of agriculture differs from country to country, the interval for collection of current data on earnings and time worked in agriculture should be determined in the light of the needs of each country.  The data should cover all categories of agricultural employees, including those paid wholly in kind.  However, those employees whose remuneration is not paid regularly at daily, weekly or monthly intervals (but might consist, for example, of a share of the crop, with or without some cash wages) would have to be excluded from the current statistics of earnings.
++1. Where a country has a continuing and frequent household sample survey for obtaining labour force data, additional information might be collected, at a reasonable cost, on earnings of agricultural employees and hours or man-days worked.  However, attempts to obtain reliable data from this source, in respect of earnings in agriculture, might encounter sampling and other practical problems.
++1. Each country which does not regularly compile current statistics of earnings and hours of man-days in agriculture should undertake surveys of time rates of wages actually paid and hours worked in agricultural establishments, preferably at intervals of not more than six months.  These surveys should cover the principal occupations in agriculture.
++1. Where labour contract rates quoted include both a wage rate and hire charges for the worker's own equipment, implements or working animals, adjustments should be made to exclude the hire charges.
--33. Wherever the ava{{{(i)}}}lable data perm{{{(i)}}}t, the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be comp{{{(i)}}}led for males and for females for all [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and for [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners and salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] separately, by {{{(i)}}}ndustry and by reg{{{(i)}}}on.
++= Non-current agricultural wages statistics =
--== Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of wages and normal hours of work ==
--
--34. Nat{{{(i)}}}onal current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programmes should make prov{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}on, wherever appropr{{{(i)}}}ate, for the comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) cover{{{(i)}}}ng [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners {{{(i)}}}n each of the {{{(i)}}}mportant {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es. The stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs may take the form of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and "normal" hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) actually {{{(i)}}}n force {{{(i)}}}n representat{{{(i)}}}ve establ{{{(i)}}}shments or, alternat{{{(i)}}}vely, of the rates and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) f{{{(i)}}}xed by, or {{{(i)}}}n pursuance of, laws or regulat{{{(i)}}}ons, collect{{{(i)}}}ve agreements or arb{{{(i)}}}tral awards. The stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led {{{(i)}}}n respect of adult males and adult females {{{(i)}}}n {{{(i)}}}mportant occupat{{{(i)}}}ons, or groups of closely related occupat{{{(i)}}}ons, {{{(i)}}}n each of the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es. Wherever appropr{{{(i)}}}ate, correspond{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led for the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal occupat{{{(i)}}}ons among salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
--
--35. For comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] actually pa{{{(i)}}}d by establ{{{(i)}}}shments and the correspond{{{(i)}}}ng hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), sample surveys of establ{{{(i)}}}shments normally should be undertaken at yearly {{{(i)}}}ntervals {{{(i)}}}n respect of {{{(i)}}}mportant occupat{{{(i)}}}ons {{{(i)}}}n the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}n the country, wherever the fac{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and resources ava{{{(i)}}}lable perm{{{(i)}}}t. It {{{(i)}}}s poss{{{(i)}}}ble to cover the same ground by undertak{{{(i)}}}ng an annual cycle of monthly surveys each cover{{{(i)}}}ng a certa{{{(i)}}}n select{{{(i)}}}on of occupat{{{(i)}}}onal groups. The data thus obta{{{(i)}}}ned prov{{{(i)}}}de valuable up-to-date {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on to supplement the results of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on surveys undertaken at longer {{{(i)}}}ntervals.
--
--36. Where the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] do not g{{{(i)}}}ve the rates per hour but refer to a day, week or other customary per{{{(i)}}}od, the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should relate to an {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}cal per{{{(i)}}}od. However, {{{(i)}}}f the data collected refer to days of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), {{{(i)}}}n place of hours, {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on also should be obta{{{(i)}}}ned on the average durat{{{(i)}}}on of the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) day, for purposes of calculat{{{(i)}}}ng rates per hour.
--
--= Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of wage structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on =
--
--37. [[Wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on surveys, {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] censuses, large-scale ad hoc occupat{{{(i)}}}onal [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] surveys and s{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}lar {{{(i)}}}nqu{{{(i)}}}r{{{(i)}}}es, prov{{{(i)}}}de comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve benchmark data for use {{{(i)}}}n the comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and normal hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and deta{{{(i)}}}led data perm{{{(i)}}}tt{{{(i)}}}ng the comp{{{(i)}}}lat{{{(i)}}}on of:
--
--* (a) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners and salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] to {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}cate [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] d{{{(i)}}}fferent{{{(i)}}}als between branches of {{{(i)}}}ndustry, geograph{{{(i)}}}c reg{{{(i)}}}ons, occupat{{{(i)}}}ons, males and females, establ{{{(i)}}}shments of d{{{(i)}}}fferent s{{{(i)}}}zes and poss{{{(i)}}}bly also age groups, educat{{{(i)}}}onal levels and types of vocat{{{(i)}}}onal tra{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng or qual{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]];
--* (b) deta{{{(i)}}}led data on the compos{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on and components of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]];
--* (c) stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs show{{{(i)}}}ng the d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners and salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] accord{{{(i)}}}ng to levels of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) respect{{{(i)}}}vely, class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed by var{{{(i)}}}ous {{{(i)}}}mportant character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
--
--38. Sample surveys of establ{{{(i)}}}shments generally const{{{(i)}}}tute the most su{{{(i)}}}table means for collect{{{(i)}}}on of data on [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on. It {{{(i)}}}s part{{{(i)}}}cularly {{{(i)}}}mportant that the des{{{(i)}}}gn and s{{{(i)}}}ze of the sample of establ{{{(i)}}}shments be adequate and {{{(i)}}}n part{{{(i)}}}cular that all s{{{(i)}}}zes of establ{{{(i)}}}shments w{{{(i)}}}th{{{(i)}}}n the scope of the survey, all {{{(i)}}}ndustr{{{(i)}}}es and reg{{{(i)}}}ons should be correctly represented.
--
--39. In pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ple, all categor{{{(i)}}}es of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] earners and salar{{{(i)}}}ed [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng full t{{{(i)}}}me and part t{{{(i)}}}me, permanent and temporary, should be covered {{{(i)}}}n the survey. Informat{{{(i)}}}on may be obta{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n respect of all el{{{(i)}}}g{{{(i)}}}ble [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n the selected establ{{{(i)}}}shments, or a representat{{{(i)}}}ve sample of these [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. The {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on collected concern{{{(i)}}}ng each [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}nclude [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), age, sex, occupat{{{(i)}}}on and, {{{(i)}}}f poss{{{(i)}}}ble, educat{{{(i)}}}on, vocat{{{(i)}}}onal tra{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng or qual{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on, per{{{(i)}}}od of serv{{{(i)}}}ce and, where des{{{(i)}}}red, other relevant part{{{(i)}}}culars. Manager{{{(i)}}}al staff remunerated predom{{{(i)}}}nantly by a share of prof{{{(i)}}}ts should be excluded.
--
--40. In v{{{(i)}}}ew of the breadth and complex{{{(i)}}}ty of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on surveys, countr{{{(i)}}}es wh{{{(i)}}}ch undertake them should normally do so only at three- to f{{{(i)}}}ve-year {{{(i)}}}ntervals.
--
--41. Although a t{{{(i)}}}me reference per{{{(i)}}}od of one year {{{(i)}}}s {{{(i)}}}deal for certa{{{(i)}}}n data collected {{{(i)}}}n [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on surveys, {{{(i)}}}n pract{{{(i)}}}ce {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s usually necessary to select a [[shorter reference per{{{(i)}}}od>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Short Reference Per{{{(i)}}}od.WebHome]] cons{{{(i)}}}dered to be suff{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}ently representat{{{(i)}}}ve for the purpose of obta{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng data on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] as well as other {{{(i)}}}tems.
--
--42. Data on the compos{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] should be cons{{{(i)}}}stent w{{{(i)}}}th the class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of components of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] ment{{{(i)}}}oned {{{(i)}}}n paragraph 10. Supplementary {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on may be collected on the scales for p{{{(i)}}}ece rates, overt{{{(i)}}}me rates, prem{{{(i)}}}um rates for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on hol{{{(i)}}}days, sh{{{(i)}}}ft d{{{(i)}}}fferent{{{(i)}}}als and s{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}lar payments.
--
--43. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) by occupat{{{(i)}}}on should be comp{{{(i)}}}led {{{(i)}}}n as much deta{{{(i)}}}l as poss{{{(i)}}}ble.
--
--= Agr{{{(i)}}}cultural wages stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs =
--
--44. The concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons g{{{(i)}}}ven above would be generally appl{{{(i)}}}cable to the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector. Such adaptat{{{(i)}}}ons as may be necessary {{{(i)}}}n part{{{(i)}}}cular countr{{{(i)}}}es to meet spec{{{(i)}}}al cond{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}culture would normally not be of a fundamental character. Although the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}s also appl{{{(i)}}}cable to the whole agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n the trad{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal subsector of agr{{{(i)}}}culture would not be very mean{{{(i)}}}ngful s{{{(i)}}}nce h{{{(i)}}}red labour const{{{(i)}}}tutes only a m{{{(i)}}}nor part of total labour {{{(i)}}}nput.
--
--45. For purposes of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector should compr{{{(i)}}}se major groups 111 (Agr{{{(i)}}}cultural and L{{{(i)}}}vestock Product{{{(i)}}}on) and 112 (Agr{{{(i)}}}cultural Serv{{{(i)}}}ces) of the Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Standard Industr{{{(i)}}}al Class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of All Econom{{{(i)}}}c Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es. In certa{{{(i)}}}n c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances, {{{(i)}}}t may be des{{{(i)}}}rable to comp{{{(i)}}}le data separately for each of these major groups.
--
--46. As the factors affect{{{(i)}}}ng [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and other cond{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons of [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n hunt{{{(i)}}}ng, trapp{{{(i)}}}ng and game propagat{{{(i)}}}on (major group 113 of the ISIC), forestry and logg{{{(i)}}}ng (d{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}on 12) and f{{{(i)}}}sh{{{(i)}}}ng (d{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}on 13) are generally d{{{(i)}}}fferent from those concern{{{(i)}}}ng agr{{{(i)}}}culture, these act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es should normally be excluded from the scope of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs.
--
--47. The def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of "agr{{{(i)}}}cultural (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)" establ{{{(i)}}}shed for the 1970 World Census of Agr{{{(i)}}}culture should be adopted for the purposes of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble. By agr{{{(i)}}}cultural (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}s meant any farm (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) or plann{{{(i)}}}ng necessary to the operat{{{(i)}}}on of the hold{{{(i)}}}ng.
--
--48. Wherever poss{{{(i)}}}ble, separate data should be comp{{{(i)}}}led for permanent or regular [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and others, such as temporary and casual workers.
--
--49. In developed countr{{{(i)}}}es and for the modern agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] based on payrolls and other records of employers should be collected, us{{{(i)}}}ng the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ng as the report{{{(i)}}}ng un{{{(i)}}}t. However, agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], apart from permanent [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], are not necessar{{{(i)}}}ly attached to one part{{{(i)}}}cular agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ng. Notably {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, more espec{{{(i)}}}ally {{{(i)}}}n the trad{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal sector of agr{{{(i)}}}culture, prolonged cont{{{(i)}}}nuous [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] w{{{(i)}}}th the same employer {{{(i)}}}s relat{{{(i)}}}vely rare and, {{{(i)}}}n add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on, some workers alternate between (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) for [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], or between agr{{{(i)}}}cultural and non-agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. In such s{{{(i)}}}tuat{{{(i)}}}ons, the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}s not the most su{{{(i)}}}table report{{{(i)}}}ng un{{{(i)}}}t for collect{{{(i)}}}on of certa{{{(i)}}}n types of data, espec{{{(i)}}}ally for comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] dur{{{(i)}}}ng the year from agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and for stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the correspond{{{(i)}}}ng hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%).
--
--50. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n the trad{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal subsector may be obta{{{(i)}}}ned through household sample surveys. The pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on should be used for def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]]. A person would thus be cons{{{(i)}}}dered to be an agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}f the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal source of the {{{(i)}}}ncome accrued to h{{{(i)}}}m dur{{{(i)}}}ng a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed reference per{{{(i)}}}od was agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]].
--
--== Programme of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural wages stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs ==
--
--51. Nat{{{(i)}}}onal programmes of current and non-current agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be developed w{{{(i)}}}th{{{(i)}}}n the framework of an {{{(i)}}}ntegrated system cover{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], [[wage rates>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]], hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]], so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble. S{{{(i)}}}nce the resources requ{{{(i)}}}red for the product{{{(i)}}}on of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs are substant{{{(i)}}}al, part{{{(i)}}}cularly {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, pr{{{(i)}}}or{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es should be carefully determ{{{(i)}}}ned to ensure smooth and sat{{{(i)}}}sfactory progress of the nat{{{(i)}}}onal programme of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs.
--
--52. In the develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, {{{(i)}}}n order to take account of the problems spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c to them, separate subprogrammes of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be developed for trad{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal and organ{{{(i)}}}sed agr{{{(i)}}}culture, where d{{{(i)}}}fferent methods and data collect{{{(i)}}}on techn{{{(i)}}}ques are needed. So far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble, the data collected {{{(i)}}}n the two subsectors should be su{{{(i)}}}table for comb{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on to produce stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs for the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural sector as a whole.
--
--53. Selected stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led separately for agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] who are pa{{{(i)}}}d wholly {{{(i)}}}n cash, those pa{{{(i)}}}d wholly {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd and those pa{{{(i)}}}d partly {{{(i)}}}n each med{{{(i)}}}um. In add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on, {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on should be g{{{(i)}}}ven on the amounts for major components of payments {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd, such as food and hous{{{(i)}}}ng, wh{{{(i)}}}ch are {{{(i)}}}ncluded {{{(i)}}}n publ{{{(i)}}}shed stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]].
--
--54. Wherever poss{{{(i)}}}ble, the data should be class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed accord{{{(i)}}}ng to occupat{{{(i)}}}on and accord{{{(i)}}}ng to broad types of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ngs (da{{{(i)}}}ry, poultry, l{{{(i)}}}vestock, f{{{(i)}}}eld crops, m{{{(i)}}}xed farms, etc.).
--
--== Current agr{{{(i)}}}cultural wages stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs ==
--
--55. S{{{(i)}}}nce there {{{(i)}}}s seasonal var{{{(i)}}}at{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty, and s{{{(i)}}}nce the relat{{{(i)}}}ve {{{(i)}}}mportance of agr{{{(i)}}}culture d{{{(i)}}}ffers from country to country, the {{{(i)}}}nterval for collect{{{(i)}}}on of current data on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and t{{{(i)}}}me (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}culture should be determ{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n the l{{{(i)}}}ght of the needs of each country. The data should cover all categor{{{(i)}}}es of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng those pa{{{(i)}}}d wholly {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd. However, those [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] whose remunerat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}s not pa{{{(i)}}}d regularly at da{{{(i)}}}ly, weekly or monthly {{{(i)}}}ntervals (but m{{{(i)}}}ght cons{{{(i)}}}st, for example, of a share of the crop, w{{{(i)}}}th or w{{{(i)}}}thout some cash [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]]) would have to be excluded from the current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]].
--
--56. Where a country has a cont{{{(i)}}}nu{{{(i)}}}ng and frequent household sample survey for obta{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] data, add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on m{{{(i)}}}ght be collected, at a reasonable cost, on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] and hours or man-days (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%). However, attempts to obta{{{(i)}}}n rel{{{(i)}}}able data from th{{{(i)}}}s source, {{{(i)}}}n respect of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}culture, m{{{(i)}}}ght encounter sampl{{{(i)}}}ng and other pract{{{(i)}}}cal problems.
--
--57. Each country wh{{{(i)}}}ch does not regularly comp{{{(i)}}}le current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of man-days {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}culture should undertake surveys of t{{{(i)}}}me rates of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] actually pa{{{(i)}}}d and hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}cultural establ{{{(i)}}}shments, preferably at {{{(i)}}}ntervals of not more than s{{{(i)}}}x months. These surveys should cover the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal occupat{{{(i)}}}ons {{{(i)}}}n agr{{{(i)}}}culture.
--
--58. Where labour contract rates quoted {{{(i)}}}nclude both a [[wage rate>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Wage rates.WebHome]] and h{{{(i)}}}re charges for the worker's own equ{{{(i)}}}pment, {{{(i)}}}mplements or (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) an{{{(i)}}}mals, adjustments should be made to exclude the h{{{(i)}}}re charges.
--
--== Non-current agr{{{(i)}}}cultural wages stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs ==
--
--59. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on and of [[labour cost>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour cost.WebHome]] should be comp{{{(i)}}}led for the organ{{{(i)}}}sed subsector of agr{{{(i)}}}culture at f{{{(i)}}}ve-yearly {{{(i)}}}ntervals, based on results of surveys of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural establ{{{(i)}}}shments.
--
--60 S{{{(i)}}}nce agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ngs commonly [[employ>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] temporary and casual workers and the total [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] of these persons from agr{{{(i)}}}cultural (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for the data reference per{{{(i)}}}od of a [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on survey may not be fully reflected {{{(i)}}}n the payroll records of the establ{{{(i)}}}shment, data could be collected from the [[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]] currently (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) on the hold{{{(i)}}}ng on any add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] they had rece{{{(i)}}}ved {{{(i)}}}n respect of pa{{{(i)}}}d (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) on other agr{{{(i)}}}cultural hold{{{(i)}}}ngs dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od.
--
--61. Informat{{{(i)}}}on on the structure and d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on of [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) {{{(i)}}}n the trad{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal sector of agr{{{(i)}}}culture {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es could be obta{{{(i)}}}ned through household surveys cover{{{(i)}}}ng agr{{{(i)}}}cultural households, espec{{{(i)}}}ally large-scale surveys of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural labour {{{(i)}}}ncomes where data are obta{{{(i)}}}ned on [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] throughout the year. It {{{(i)}}}s des{{{(i)}}}rable {{{(i)}}}n large-scale sample surveys of agr{{{(i)}}}cultural households to des{{{(i)}}}gn the sample {{{(i)}}}n such a way as to perm{{{(i)}}}t monthly or quarterly est{{{(i)}}}mates to be made of average [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and hours or man-days (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%).
++1. Statistics of wage structure and distribution and of labour cost should be compiled for the organised subsector of agriculture at five-yearly intervals, based on results of surveys of agricultural establishments.
++1. Since agricultural holdings commonly employ temporary and casual workers and the total earnings of these persons from agricultural work for the data reference period of a wage structure and distribution survey may not be fully reflected in the payroll records of the establishment, data could be collected from the employees currently working on the holding on any additional earnings they had received in respect of paid work on other agricultural holdings during the reference period.
++1. Information on the structure and distribution of earnings and hours of work in the traditional sector of agriculture in developing countries could be obtained through household surveys covering agricultural households, especially large-scale surveys of agricultural labour incomes where data are obtained on earnings throughout the year.  It is desirable in large-scale sample surveys of agricultural households to design the sample in such a way as to permit monthly or quarterly estimates to be made of average earnings and hours or man-days worked.

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