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Last modified by Helena on 2025/07/31 14:15
From version 5.6
edited by Helena
on 2025/06/20 11:56
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To version 5.4
edited by Helena
on 2025/06/20 11:53
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48 48  
49 49  (ii) Statistics of earnings should distinguish cash earnings from payments in kind.
50 50  
51 -== Wage rates ==
51 += Wage rates =
52 52  
53 53  ~11. The data on time rates of wages should relate to an appropriate time period such as the hour, day, week, month or other customary period used for purposes of determining the wage rates concerned.
54 54  
... ... @@ -56,10 +56,8 @@
56 56  
57 57  13. Statistics of wage rates fixed by or in pursuance of laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards (which are generally minimum or standard rates) should be clearly distinguished from statistics referring to wage rates actually paid to individual workers.  Each of these types of wage rates is useful for particular purposes.
58 58  
59 -14. Time rates of wages for normal periods of work should be distinguished from special and other rates such as piece rates, overtime rates, premium rates for work on holidays and shift rates.
59 +14. Time rates of wages for normal periods of work should be distinguished from special and other rates such as piece rates, overtime rates, premium rates for work on holidays and shift rates. **Wage payments in kind**
60 60  
61 -== Wage payments in kind ==
62 -
63 63  15. In view of the dual nature of wages as cost to the employer and earnings of the employee, it may be necessary to evaluate wage payments in kind according to both of these concepts.
64 64  
65 65  16. In principle, for earnings statistics, payment in kind should be measured on the basis of the value accrued to the employee, since earnings refer to the remuneration or income of a specified group of employed persons, whereas for statistics of wage rates and labour cost the evaluation should be done on the basis of cost to the employer since these data refer to the cost of units of work time.
... ... @@ -70,46 +70,31 @@
70 70  
71 71  = Current wages statistics programme =
72 72  
73 -19. The current programme should be designed to provide essential data at frequent intervals in order to measure trends and short-term changes in average earnings, hours of work, time rates of wages and normal hours of work.
71 +1. The current programme should be designed to provide essential data at frequent intervals in order to measure trends and short-term changes in average earnings, hours of work, time rates of wages and normal hours of work.
72 +1. In determining the scope and content of the current programme, the need for speed in the collection and in the processing of data at reasonable cost should be a major consideration.
73 +1. In determining the scope of particular wages statistics series, the need to permit the computation of a satisfactory index of real wages should be borne in mind.  In principle, consumer price data and wages data relating to the same group of the wage-earning population should be obtained for this purpose.
74 74  
75 -20. In determining the scope and content of the current programme, the need for speed in the collection and in the processing of data at reasonable cost should be a major consideration.
75 += Statistics of average earnings and hours of work =
76 76  
77 -21. In determining the scope of particular wages statistics series, the need to permit the computation of a satisfactory index of real wages should be borne in mind.  In principle, consumer price data and wages data relating to the same group of the wage-earning population should be obtained for this purpose.
77 +1. The current programme of statistics of average earnings and hours of work should cover all important categories of wage earners and salaried employees in all major economic activities in the country.
78 +1. Statistical inquiries on earnings and hours of work may often be advantageously combined with a current survey of establishments carried out for purposes of employment, using the whole of the sample of establishments or a sub-sample.  Some other current surveys may lend themselves to the collection of data on earnings and hours of work.
79 +1. While compilation of statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a monthly basis is desirable, this imposes a heavy burden on establishments and on statistical offices.  On the other hand, half-yearly or annual collection of data does not provide adequate indicators of short-term seasonal variations or trends.  As a minimum, the current programme should include the compilation of quarterly statistics of average earnings and hours of work.
80 +1. The time reference periods for data and the arrangements for collection of data should reflect the typical conditions of disbursement of earnings by establishments and the usual payroll periods used in the different industries covered by the inquiry.
81 +1. In a quarterly survey, data could be collected for a typical payroll in respect of only one month, or of each month, thus providing in the latter case a monthly series and permitting calculation of quarterly averages.
82 +1. Wherever possible, monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings should be published excluding irregular or infrequent payments such as year-end, half-yearly and similar bonuses in order that the short-term trend in regular earnings will be reflected.
83 +1. If the national monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings exclude certain important components, such as the annual or other infrequent payments mentioned above, the current programme of earnings statistics should include the compilation once a year, wherever possible, of statistics of average earnings including these particular components.
84 +1. For issuing data in national publications, the time unit in which average earnings are expressed, e.g. hour, day, week, or month, should depend mainly on how meaningful the figures would be in the country concerned and also on the feasibility of collection of the required data.
85 +1. For purposes of international comparisons, it is desirable to present statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a per week basis.  Data on earnings and hours for periods other than a week should be converted to a per week basis by applying the ratio between the number of working days in the period covered and the number in a normal week (including fractions of a day in each case).
86 +1. For certain types of comparisons, statistics of average earnings per hour are preferable since hours of work per day, week or month vary over time and between industries and regions and also from one country to another.
87 +1. In countries which compile statistics of average earnings per hour paid for, information on hours actually worked not being available regularly, additional information should be collected, wherever possible, to determine the ratio between the number of hours actually worked and the number of hours paid for.
88 +1. Wherever the available data permit, the statistics of average earnings and hours of work should be compiled for males and for females for all employees and for wage earners and salaried employees separately, by industry and by region.
78 78  
79 -== Statistics of average earnings and hours of work ==
90 += Statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work =
80 80  
81 -22. The current programme of statistics of average earnings and hours of work should cover all important categories of wage earners and salaried employees in all major economic activities in the country.
92 +1. National current statistics programmes should make provision, wherever appropriate, for the compilation of statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work covering wage earners in each of the important industries.  The statistics may take the form of time rates of wages and "normal" hours of work actually in force in representative establishments or, alternatively, of the rates and normal hours of work fixed by, or in pursuance of, laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards. The statistics should be compiled in respect of adult males and adult females in important occupations, or groups of closely related occupations, in each of the principal industries.  Wherever appropriate, corresponding statistics should be compiled for the principal occupations among salaried employees.
93 +1. For compilation of time rates of wages actually paid by establishments and the corresponding hours of work, sample surveys of establishments normally should be undertaken at yearly intervals in respect of important occupations in the principal industries in the country, wherever the facilities and resources available permit.  It is possible to cover the same ground by undertaking an annual cycle of monthly surveys each covering a certain selection of occupational groups.  The data thus obtained provide valuable up-to-date information to supplement the results of wage structure and distribution surveys undertaken at longer intervals.
94 +1. Where the statistics of time rates of wages do not give the rates per hour but refer to a day, week or other customary period, the statistics of normal hours of work should relate to an identical period.  However, if the data collected refer to days of work, in place of hours, information also should be obtained on the average duration of the working day, for purposes of calculating rates per hour.
82 82  
83 -23. Statistical inquiries on earnings and hours of work may often be advantageously combined with a current survey of establishments carried out for purposes of employment, using the whole of the sample of establishments or a sub-sample.  Some other current surveys may lend themselves to the collection of data on earnings and hours of work.
84 -
85 -24. While compilation of statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a monthly basis is desirable, this imposes a heavy burden on establishments and on statistical offices.  On the other hand, half-yearly or annual collection of data does not provide adequate indicators of short-term seasonal variations or trends.  As a minimum, the current programme should include the compilation of quarterly statistics of average earnings and hours of work.
86 -
87 -25. The time reference periods for data and the arrangements for collection of data should reflect the typical conditions of disbursement of earnings by establishments and the usual payroll periods used in the different industries covered by the inquiry.
88 -
89 -26. In a quarterly survey, data could be collected for a typical payroll in respect of only one month, or of each month, thus providing in the latter case a monthly series and permitting calculation of quarterly averages.
90 -
91 -27. Wherever possible, monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings should be published excluding irregular or infrequent payments such as year-end, half-yearly and similar bonuses in order that the short-term trend in regular earnings will be reflected.
92 -
93 -28. If the national monthly or quarterly statistics of average earnings exclude certain important components, such as the annual or other infrequent payments mentioned above, the current programme of earnings statistics should include the compilation once a year, wherever possible, of statistics of average earnings including these particular components.
94 -
95 -29. For issuing data in national publications, the time unit in which average earnings are expressed, e.g. hour, day, week, or month, should depend mainly on how meaningful the figures would be in the country concerned and also on the feasibility of collection of the required data.
96 -
97 -30. For purposes of international comparisons, it is desirable to present statistics of average earnings and hours of work on a per week basis.  Data on earnings and hours for periods other than a week should be converted to a per week basis by applying the ratio between the number of working days in the period covered and the number in a normal week (including fractions of a day in each case).
98 -
99 -31. For certain types of comparisons, statistics of average earnings per hour are preferable since hours of work per day, week or month vary over time and between industries and regions and also from one country to another.
100 -
101 -32. In countries which compile statistics of average earnings per hour paid for, information on hours actually worked not being available regularly, additional information should be collected, wherever possible, to determine the ratio between the number of hours actually worked and the number of hours paid for.
102 -
103 -33. Wherever the available data permit, the statistics of average earnings and hours of work should be compiled for males and for females for all employees and for wage earners and salaried employees separately, by industry and by region.
104 -
105 -== Statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work ==
106 -
107 -34. National current statistics programmes should make provision, wherever appropriate, for the compilation of statistics of time rates of wages and normal hours of work covering wage earners in each of the important industries.  The statistics may take the form of time rates of wages and "normal" hours of work actually in force in representative establishments or, alternatively, of the rates and normal hours of work fixed by, or in pursuance of, laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards. The statistics should be compiled in respect of adult males and adult females in important occupations, or groups of closely related occupations, in each of the principal industries.  Wherever appropriate, corresponding statistics should be compiled for the principal occupations among salaried employees.
108 -
109 -35. For compilation of time rates of wages actually paid by establishments and the corresponding hours of work, sample surveys of establishments normally should be undertaken at yearly intervals in respect of important occupations in the principal industries in the country, wherever the facilities and resources available permit.  It is possible to cover the same ground by undertaking an annual cycle of monthly surveys each covering a certain selection of occupational groups.  The data thus obtained provide valuable up-to-date information to supplement the results of wage structure and distribution surveys undertaken at longer intervals.
110 -
111 -36. Where the statistics of time rates of wages do not give the rates per hour but refer to a day, week or other customary period, the statistics of normal hours of work should relate to an identical period.  However, if the data collected refer to days of work, in place of hours, information also should be obtained on the average duration of the working day, for purposes of calculating rates per hour.
112 -
113 113  = Statistics of wage structure and distribution =
114 114  
115 115  37. Wage structure and distribution surveys, including wage censuses, large-scale ad hoc occupational wage surveys and similar inquiries, provide comprehensive benchmark data for use in the compilation of current statistics of average earnings, hours of work, time rates of wages and normal hours of work and detailed data permitting the compilation of: