Changes for page Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, 13th ICLS

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1		-Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, 13th ICLS
	1	+Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, 12th ICLS

Author

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1		-xwiki:XWiki.arturkryazhev
	1	+xwiki:XWiki.helena

Tags

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1		-Earnings|Employees|Employment Work|Informal sector|Labour Force|Labour Resources|Persons in Employment|Persons in Unemployment|Persons in Volonteer Work|Potential Labour Force|Short Reference Period|Unemployment|Work Activity|Working Age

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1		-{{box t{{{(i)}}}tle="**Contents**"}}
	1	+{{box title="**Contents**"}}
2	2	{{toc/}}
3	3	{{/box}}
4	4
5		-Recall{{{(i)}}}ng the ex{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards concern{{{(i)}}}ng stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] conta{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n Resolut{{{(i)}}}on I adopted by the E{{{(i)}}}ghth Conference (1954) and concern{{{(i)}}}ng measurement and analys{{{(i)}}}s of underemployment and underut{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}sat{{{(i)}}}on of manpower conta{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n Resolut{{{(i)}}}on III adopted by the Eleventh Conference (1966),
	5	+Recalling the existing international standards concerning statistics of the labour force employment and unemployment contained in Resolution I adopted by the Eighth Conference (1954) and concerning measurement and analysis of underemployment and underutilisation of manpower contained in Resolution III adopted by the Eleventh Conference (1966),
6	6
7		-Recogn{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}ng the need to rev{{{(i)}}}se and broaden the ex{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ng standards {{{(i)}}}n order to enhance the{{{(i)}}}r usefulness {{{(i)}}}n the prov{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}on of techn{{{(i)}}}cal gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes to all countr{{{(i)}}}es and part{{{(i)}}}cularly those w{{{(i)}}}th less developed stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs and recogn{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}ng the usefulness of such standards {{{(i)}}}n enhanc{{{(i)}}}ng the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal comparab{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs,
	7	+Recognising the need to revise and broaden the existing standards in order to enhance their usefulness in the provision of technical guidelines to all countries and particularly those with less developed statistics and recognising the usefulness of such standards in enhancing the international comparability of the statistics,
8	8
9		-Adopts th{{{(i)}}}s twenty-n{{{(i)}}}nth day of October 1982 the follow{{{(i)}}}ng resolut{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n subst{{{(i)}}}tut{{{(i)}}}on for Resolut{{{(i)}}}on I of the E{{{(i)}}}ghth Conference and paragraphs 4 to 9 and 13 of Resolut{{{(i)}}}on III of the Eleventh Conference:
	9	+Adopts this twenty-ninth day of October 1982 the following resolution in substitution for Resolution I of the Eighth Conference and paragraphs 4 to 9 and 13 of Resolution III of the Eleventh Conference:
10	10
11		-= Object{{{(i)}}}ves and scope =
	11	+= Objectives and scope =
12	12
13		-~1. Each country should a{{{(i)}}}m at develop{{{(i)}}}ng a comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve system of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on the econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty of the populat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n order to prov{{{(i)}}}de an adequate stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cal base for the var{{{(i)}}}ous users of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs tak{{{(i)}}}ng account of the spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c nat{{{(i)}}}onal needs and c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances. In part{{{(i)}}}cular the system should prov{{{(i)}}}de for needs {{{(i)}}}n connect{{{(i)}}}on w{{{(i)}}}th the measurement of the extent of ava{{{(i)}}}lable and unused labour t{{{(i)}}}me and human resources for purposes of macro-econom{{{(i)}}}c mon{{{(i)}}}tor{{{(i)}}}ng and human resources development plann{{{(i)}}}ng and the measurement of the relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps between [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}ncome and other soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs for purposes of formulat{{{(i)}}}ng and mon{{{(i)}}}tor{{{(i)}}}ng [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] pol{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}es and programmes, {{{(i)}}}ncome-generat{{{(i)}}}ng and ma{{{(i)}}}ntenance schemes, vocat{{{(i)}}}onal tra{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng and other s{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}lar programmes.
	13	+~1. Each country should aim at developing a comprehensive system of statistics on the economic activity of the population in order to provide an adequate statistical base for the various users of the statistics taking account of the specific national needs and circumstances. In particular the system should provide for needs in connection with the measurement of the extent of available and unused labour time and human resources for purposes of macro-economic monitoring and human resources development planning and the measurement of the relationships between employment income and other social and economic characteristics for purposes of formulating and monitoring employment policies and programmes, income-generating and maintenance schemes, vocational training and other similar programmes.
14	14
15		-2. In order to fulf{{{(i)}}}l the above object{{{(i)}}}ves the programme of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}n pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ple cover all branches of econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty, all sectors of the economy and all status groups ([[employees>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], own-account workers, etc.) and should be developed to the fullest extent poss{{{(i)}}}ble {{{(i)}}}n harmony w{{{(i)}}}th other econom{{{(i)}}}c and soc{{{(i)}}}al stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs. The programme should spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cally prov{{{(i)}}}de for both short-term and longer-term needs, {{{(i)}}}.e. stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs for current purposes comp{{{(i)}}}led frequently on a recurrent bas{{{(i)}}}s and stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs comp{{{(i)}}}led at longer {{{(i)}}}ntervals for structural {{{(i)}}}n-depth analys{{{(i)}}}s and as benchmark data:
	15	+2. In order to fulfil the above objectives the programme of statistics of the economically active population should in principle cover all branches of economic activity, all sectors of the economy and all status groups (employees, own-account workers, etc.) and should be developed to the fullest extent possible in harmony with other economic and social statistics. The programme should specifically provide for both short-term and longer-term needs, i.e. statistics for current purposes compiled frequently on a recurrent basis and statistics compiled at longer intervals for structural in-depth analysis and as benchmark data:
16	16
17		-* (a) the current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme should encompass stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[currently act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ts components {{{(i)}}}n such a way that trends and seasonal var{{{(i)}}}at{{{(i)}}}ons can be adequately mon{{{(i)}}}tored. As a m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum programme, countr{{{(i)}}}es should collect and comp{{{(i)}}}le stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on the [[currently act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] tw{{{(i)}}}ce a year, {{{(i)}}}f poss{{{(i)}}}ble co{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}d{{{(i)}}}ng w{{{(i)}}}th the agr{{{(i)}}}cultural peak and slack seasons wherever cons{{{(i)}}}dered appropr{{{(i)}}}ate;
18		-* (b) the non-current stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs programme wh{{{(i)}}}ch may {{{(i)}}}nclude censuses and surveys should prov{{{(i)}}}de comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve data on the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) {{{(i)}}}n-depth stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on the act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty pattern of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] over the year and the relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps between [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}ncome and other soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, and ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) data on other part{{{(i)}}}cular top{{{(i)}}}cs (e.g. ch{{{(i)}}}ldren and youth, women, households) as determ{{{(i)}}}ned by the long-term and cont{{{(i)}}}nu{{{(i)}}}ng needs.
	17	+* (a) the current statistics programme should encompass statistics of the currently active population and its components in such a way that trends and seasonal variations can be adequately monitored. As a minimum programme, countries should collect and compile statistics on the currently active population twice a year, if possible coinciding with the agricultural peak and slack seasons wherever considered appropriate;
	18	+* (b) the non-current statistics programme which may include censuses and surveys should provide (i) comprehensive data on the economically active population, (ii) in-depth statistics on the activity pattern of the economically active population over the year and the relationships between employment, income and other social and economic characteristics, and (iii) data on other particular topics (e.g. children and youth, women, households) as determined by the long-term and continuing needs.
19	19
20		-3. Populat{{{(i)}}}on censuses and sample surveys of households or {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}duals generally const{{{(i)}}}tute a comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve means of collect{{{(i)}}}on of data on the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] wh{{{(i)}}}ch can be l{{{(i)}}}nked w{{{(i)}}}th data on other related top{{{(i)}}}cs. Establ{{{(i)}}}shment surveys and adm{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}strat{{{(i)}}}ve records may also serve as sources for obta{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}n some cases more prec{{{(i)}}}se, more frequent and more deta{{{(i)}}}led stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on part{{{(i)}}}cular components of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]]. The d{{{(i)}}}fferent sources of {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on should be regarded as complementary and may be used {{{(i)}}}n comb{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on for der{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ng where necessary {{{(i)}}}ntegrated sets of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs. In des{{{(i)}}}gn{{{(i)}}}ng populat{{{(i)}}}on censuses, surveys of households or {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}duals or other means of data collect{{{(i)}}}on on the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], efforts should be made {{{(i)}}}n so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble to {{{(i)}}}ncorporate the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards.
	20	+3. Population censuses and sample surveys of households or individuals generally constitute a comprehensive means of collection of data on the economically active population which can be linked with data on other related topics. Establishment surveys and administrative records may also serve as sources for obtaining in some cases more precise, more frequent and more detailed statistics on particular components of the economically active population. The different sources of information should be regarded as complementary and may be used in combination for deriving where necessary integrated sets of statistics. In designing population censuses, surveys of households or individuals or other means of data collection on the economically active population, efforts should be made in so far as possible to incorporate the international standards.
21	21
22		-4. In order to promote comparab{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs among countr{{{(i)}}}es where nat{{{(i)}}}onal concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons do not conform closely to the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards, explanat{{{(i)}}}ons should be g{{{(i)}}}ven and the ma{{{(i)}}}n aggregates should {{{(i)}}}f poss{{{(i)}}}ble be computed on the bas{{{(i)}}}s of both the nat{{{(i)}}}onal and the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards. Alternat{{{(i)}}}vely, the necessary components should be {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed and prov{{{(i)}}}ded separately {{{(i)}}}n order to perm{{{(i)}}}t convers{{{(i)}}}on from the nat{{{(i)}}}onal to the {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards.
	22	+4. In order to promote comparability of the statistics among countries where national concepts and definitions do not conform closely to the international standards, explanations should be given and the main aggregates should if possible be computed on the basis of both the national and the international standards. Alternatively, the necessary components should be identified and provided separately in order to permit conversion from the national to the international standards.
23	23
24		-= Concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons =
	24	+= Concepts and definitions =
25	25
26		-== The econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on ==
	26	+== The economically active population ==
27	27
28		-5. The [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons of e{{{(i)}}}ther sex who furn{{{(i)}}}sh the supply of labour for the product{{{(i)}}}on of econom{{{(i)}}}c goods and serv{{{(i)}}}ces as def{{{(i)}}}ned by the Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons systems of nat{{{(i)}}}onal accounts and balances dur{{{(i)}}}ng a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed t{{{(i)}}}me-reference per{{{(i)}}}od. Accord{{{(i)}}}ng to these systems the product{{{(i)}}}on of econom{{{(i)}}}c goods and serv{{{(i)}}}ces {{{(i)}}}ncludes all product{{{(i)}}}on and process{{{(i)}}}ng of pr{{{(i)}}}mary products whether for the market for barter or for own consumpt{{{(i)}}}on, the product{{{(i)}}}on of all other goods and serv{{{(i)}}}ces for the market and, {{{(i)}}}n the case of households wh{{{(i)}}}ch produce such goods and serv{{{(i)}}}ces for the market, the correspond{{{(i)}}}ng product{{{(i)}}}on for own consumpt{{{(i)}}}on.
	28	+The economically active population comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods and services as defined by the United Nations systems of national accounts and balances during a specified time-reference period. According to these systems the production of economic goods and services includes all production and processing of primary products whether for the market for barter or for own consumption, the production of all other goods and services for the market and, in the case of households which produce such goods and services for the market, the corresponding production for own consumption.
29	29
30		-6. Two useful measures of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] are the usually [[act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] measured {{{(i)}}}n relat{{{(i)}}}on to a long reference per{{{(i)}}}od such as a year and the [[currently act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] or equ{{{(i)}}}valently the "[[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]]" measured {{{(i)}}}n relat{{{(i)}}}on to a [[short reference per{{{(i)}}}od>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Short Reference Per{{{(i)}}}od.WebHome]] such as one week or one day.
	30	+Two useful measures of the economically active population are the usually active population measured in relation to a long reference period such as a year and the currently active population or equivalently the "labour force" measured in relation to a short reference period such as one week or one day.
31	31
32		-The usually [[act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]]
	32	+The usually active population
33	33
34		-7. (1) The usually [[act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons above a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed age whose ma{{{(i)}}}n act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty status as determ{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n terms of number of weeks or days dur{{{(i)}}}ng a long spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed per{{{(i)}}}od (such as the preced{{{(i)}}}ng 12 months or the preced{{{(i)}}}ng calendar year) was [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] or [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] as def{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n paragraphs 9 and 10.
	34	+(1) The usually active population comprises all persons above a specified age whose main activity status as determined in terms of number of weeks or days during a long specified period (such as the preceding 12 months or the preceding calendar year) was employed or unemployed as defined in paragraphs 9 and 10.
35	35
36		-(2) Where th{{{(i)}}}s concept {{{(i)}}}s cons{{{(i)}}}dered useful and feas{{{(i)}}}ble the usually [[act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] may be subd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ded as [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] and [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th the ma{{{(i)}}}n act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.
	36	+(2) Where this concept is considered useful and feasible the usually active population may be subdivided as employed and unemployed in accordance with the main activity.
37	37
38		-The [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] (the [[currently act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]])
	38	+The labour force (the currently active population)
39	39
40		-8. The [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] or "[[currently act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]]" compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons who fulf{{{(i)}}}l the requ{{{(i)}}}rements for {{{(i)}}}nclus{{{(i)}}}on among the [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] or the [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] as def{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n paragraphs 9 and 10 below.
	40	+The labour force or "currently active population" comprises all persons who fulfil the requirements for inclusion among the employed or the unemployed as defined in paragraphs 9 and 10 below.
41	41
42		-[[Employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]
	42	+Employment
43	43
44		-9. (1) The "[[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]]" compr{{{(i)}}}se all persons above a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed age who dur{{{(i)}}}ng a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed br{{{(i)}}}ef per{{{(i)}}}od, e{{{(i)}}}ther one week or one day, were {{{(i)}}}n the follow{{{(i)}}}ng categor{{{(i)}}}es:
	44	+(1) The "employed" comprise all persons above a specified age who during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories:
45	45
46		-(a) "pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]":
	46	+"paid employment":
47	47
48		-* (a1) "at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)": persons who dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od performed some (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] or [[salary>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}n cash or {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd;
49		-* (a2) "w{{{(i)}}}th a [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] but not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)": persons who, hav{{{(i)}}}ng already (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) {{{(i)}}}n the{{{(i)}}}r present [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]], were temporar{{{(i)}}}ly not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od and had a formal attachment to the{{{(i)}}}r [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]].
	48	+(a1) "at work": persons who during the reference period performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind;
50	50
51		-Th{{{(i)}}}s formal [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] attachment should be determ{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n the l{{{(i)}}}ght of nat{{{(i)}}}onal c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances, accord{{{(i)}}}ng to one or more of the follow{{{(i)}}}ng cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}a:
	50	+(a2) "with a job but not at work": persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job.
52	52
53		-* ({{{(i)}}} ) the cont{{{(i)}}}nued rece{{{(i)}}}pt of [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] or [[salary>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]];
54		-* ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) an assurance of return to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) follow{{{(i)}}}ng the end of the cont{{{(i)}}}ngency, or an agreement as to the date of return;
55		-* ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) the elapsed durat{{{(i)}}}on of absence from the [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] wh{{{(i)}}}ch, wherever relevant, may be that durat{{{(i)}}}on for wh{{{(i)}}}ch workers can rece{{{(i)}}}ve compensat{{{(i)}}}on benef{{{(i)}}}ts w{{{(i)}}}thout obl{{{(i)}}}gat{{{(i)}}}ons to accept other [[jobs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]];
	52	+This formal job attachment should be determined in the light of national circumstances, according to one or more of the following criteria:
56	56
57		-(b) "self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]":
	54	+the continued receipt of wage or salary;
58	58
59		-* (b1) "at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)": persons who dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od performed some (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for prof{{{(i)}}}t or fam{{{(i)}}}ly ga{{{(i)}}}n, {{{(i)}}}n cash or {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd;
60		-* (b2) "w{{{(i)}}}th an enterpr{{{(i)}}}se but not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)": persons w{{{(i)}}}th an enterpr{{{(i)}}}se, wh{{{(i)}}}ch may be a bus{{{(i)}}}ness enterpr{{{(i)}}}se, a farm or a serv{{{(i)}}}ce undertak{{{(i)}}}ng, who were temporar{{{(i)}}}ly not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od for any spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c reason.
	56	+an assurance of return to work following the end of the contingency, or an agreement as to the date of return;
61	61
62		-(2) For operat{{{(i)}}}onal purposes, the not{{{(i)}}}on of "some (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)" may be {{{(i)}}}nterpreted as (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for at least one hour.
	58	+the elapsed duration of absence from the job which, wherever relevant, may be that duration for which workers can receive compensation benefits without obligations to accept other jobs;
63	63
64		-(3) Persons temporar{{{(i)}}}ly not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) because of {{{(i)}}}llness or {{{(i)}}}njury, hol{{{(i)}}}day or vacat{{{(i)}}}on, str{{{(i)}}}ke or lockout, educat{{{(i)}}}onal or tra{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}ng leave, matern{{{(i)}}}ty or parental leave, reduct{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty, temporary d{{{(i)}}}sorgan{{{(i)}}}sat{{{(i)}}}on or suspens{{{(i)}}}on of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) due to such reasons as bad weather, mechan{{{(i)}}}cal or electr{{{(i)}}}cal breakdown, or shortage of raw mater{{{(i)}}}als or fuels, or other temporary absence w{{{(i)}}}th or w{{{(i)}}}thout leave should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] prov{{{(i)}}}ded they had a formal [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] attachment.
	60	+"self-employment":
65	65
66		-(4) Employers, own account workers and members of producers’ co-operat{{{(i)}}}ves should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as {{{(i)}}}n selfemployment and class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed as “at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)" or "not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)", as the case may be.
	62	+(b1) "at work": persons who during the reference period performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind;
67	67
68		-(5) Unpa{{{(i)}}}d fam{{{(i)}}}ly workers at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as {{{(i)}}}n self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}rrespect{{{(i)}}}ve of the number of hours (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od. Countr{{{(i)}}}es wh{{{(i)}}}ch prefer for spec{{{(i)}}}al reasons to set a m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum t{{{(i)}}}me cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on for the {{{(i)}}}nclus{{{(i)}}}on of unpa{{{(i)}}}d fam{{{(i)}}}ly workers among the [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy and separately class{{{(i)}}}fy those who (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)worked(%%) less than the prescr{{{(i)}}}bed t{{{(i)}}}me.
	64	+(b2) "with an enterprise but not at work": persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason.
69	69
70		-(6) Persons engaged {{{(i)}}}n the product{{{(i)}}}on of econom{{{(i)}}}c goods and serv{{{(i)}}}ces for own and household consumpt{{{(i)}}}on should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as {{{(i)}}}n self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}f such product{{{(i)}}}on compr{{{(i)}}}ses an {{{(i)}}}mportant contr{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on to the total consumpt{{{(i)}}}on of the household.
	66	+For operational purposes, the notion of "some work" may be interpreted as work for at least one hour.
71	71
72		-(7) Apprent{{{(i)}}}ces who rece{{{(i)}}}ved pay {{{(i)}}}n cash or {{{(i)}}}n k{{{(i)}}}nd should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed as "at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)" or "not at (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)" on the same bas{{{(i)}}}s as other persons {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]].
	68	+Persons temporarily not at work because of illness or injury, holiday or vacation, strike or lockout, educational
73	73
74		-(8) Students, homemakers and others ma{{{(i)}}}nly engaged {{{(i)}}}n non-econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od, who at the same t{{{(i)}}}me were {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] or self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] as def{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n subparagraph (1) above should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] on the same bas{{{(i)}}}s as other categor{{{(i)}}}es of [[employed persons>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] and be {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed separately, where poss{{{(i)}}}ble.
	70	+or training leave, maternity or parental leave, reduction in economic activity, temporary disorganisation or suspension of work due to such reasons as bad weather, mechanical or electrical breakdown, or shortage of raw materials or fuels, or other temporary absence with or without leave should be considered as in paid employment provided they had a formal job attachment.
75	75
76		-(9) Members of the armed forces should be {{{(i)}}}ncluded among persons {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. The armed forces should {{{(i)}}}nclude both the regular and the temporary members as spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed {{{(i)}}}n the most recent rev{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}on of the Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Standard Class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of Occupat{{{(i)}}}ons (ISCO).
	72	+Employers, own account workers and members of producers’ co-operatives should be considered as in selfemployment and classified as “at work" or "not at work", as the case may be.
77	77
	74	+Unpaid family workers at work should be considered as in self-employment irrespective of the number of hours
	75	+
	76	+worked during the reference period. Countries which prefer for special reasons to set a minimum time criterion for the inclusion of unpaid family workers among the employed should identify and separately classify those who worked less than the prescribed time.
	77	+
	78	+Persons engaged in the production of economic goods and services for own and household consumption should be considered as in self-employment if such production comprises an important contribution to the total consumption of the household.
	79	+
	80	+Apprentices who received pay in cash or in kind should be considered in paid employment and classified as
	81	+
	82	+"at work" or "not at work" on the same basis as other persons in paid employment.
	83	+
	84	+Students, homemakers and others mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period, who at the same time were in paid employment or self-employment as defined in subparagraph (1) above should be considered as employed on the same basis as other categories of employed persons and be identified separately, where possible.
	85	+
	86	+Members of the armed forces should be included among persons in paid employment. The armed forces
	87	+
	88	+should include both the regular and the temporary members as specified in the most recent revision of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).
	89	+
78	78	=== Unemployment ===
79	79
80		-10. (1) The "[[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]]" compr{{{(i)}}}se all persons above a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed age who dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od were:
	92	+(1) The "unemployed" comprise all persons above a specified age who during the reference period were:
81	81
82		-* (a) "w{{{(i)}}}thout (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)", {{{(i)}}}.e. were not {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] or self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] as def{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n paragraph 9;
83		-* (b) "currently ava{{{(i)}}}lable for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)", {{{(i)}}}.e. were ava{{{(i)}}}lable for pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] or self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od; and
84		-* (c) "seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%)", {{{(i)}}}.e. had taken spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c steps {{{(i)}}}n a spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed recent per{{{(i)}}}od to seek pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] or self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]. The spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c steps may {{{(i)}}}nclude reg{{{(i)}}}strat{{{(i)}}}on at a publ{{{(i)}}}c or pr{{{(i)}}}vate [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] exchange; appl{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on to employers; check{{{(i)}}}ng at works{{{(i)}}}tes, farms, factory gates, market or other assembly places; plac{{{(i)}}}ng or answer{{{(i)}}}ng newspaper advert{{{(i)}}}sements; seek{{{(i)}}}ng ass{{{(i)}}}stance of fr{{{(i)}}}ends or relat{{{(i)}}}ves; look{{{(i)}}}ng for land, bu{{{(i)}}}ld{{{(i)}}}ng, mach{{{(i)}}}nery or equ{{{(i)}}}pment to establ{{{(i)}}}sh own enterpr{{{(i)}}}se; arrang{{{(i)}}}ng for f{{{(i)}}}nanc{{{(i)}}}al resources; apply{{{(i)}}}ng for perm{{{(i)}}}ts and l{{{(i)}}}cences, etc.
	94	+"without work", i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment as defined in paragraph 9;
85	85
86		-(2) In s{{{(i)}}}tuat{{{(i)}}}ons where the convent{{{(i)}}}onal means of seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) are of l{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}ted relevance, where the labour market {{{(i)}}}s largely unorgan{{{(i)}}}sed or of l{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}ted scope, where labour absorpt{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}s, at the t{{{(i)}}}me, {{{(i)}}}nadequate or where the [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}s largely self-[[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]], the standard def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] g{{{(i)}}}ven {{{(i)}}}n subparagraph (1) above may be appl{{{(i)}}}ed by relax{{{(i)}}}ng the cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on of seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%).
	96	+"currently available for work", i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and
87	87
88		-(3) In the appl{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of the cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on of current ava{{{(i)}}}lab{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ty for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), espec{{{(i)}}}ally {{{(i)}}}n s{{{(i)}}}tuat{{{(i)}}}ons covered by subparagraph (2) above, appropr{{{(i)}}}ate tests should be developed to su{{{(i)}}}t nat{{{(i)}}}onal c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances. Such tests may be based on not{{{(i)}}}ons such as present des{{{(i)}}}re for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and prev{{{(i)}}}ous (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) exper{{{(i)}}}ence, w{{{(i)}}}ll{{{(i)}}}ngness to take up (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) for [[wage>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] or [[salary>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] on locally preva{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ng terms, or read{{{(i)}}}ness to undertake self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty g{{{(i)}}}ven the necessary resources and fac{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es.
	98	+"seeking work", i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. The specific steps may include registration at a public or private employment exchange; application to employers; checking at worksites, farms, factory gates, market or other assembly places; placing or answering newspaper advertisements; seeking assistance of friends or relatives; looking for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish own enterprise; arranging for financial resources; applying for permits and licences, etc.
89	89
90		-(4) Notw{{{(i)}}}thstand{{{(i)}}}ng the cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on of seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) embod{{{(i)}}}ed {{{(i)}}}n the standard def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], persons w{{{(i)}}}thout (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and currently ava{{{(i)}}}lable for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) who had made arrangements to take up pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] or undertake selfemployment act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty at a date subsequent to the reference per{{{(i)}}}od should be cons{{{(i)}}}dered as [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]].
	100	+In situations where the conventional means of seeking work are of limited relevance, where the labour market
91	91
92		-(5) Persons temporar{{{(i)}}}ly absent from the{{{(i)}}}r [[jobs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] w{{{(i)}}}th no formal [[job>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty.WebHome]] attachment who were currently ava{{{(i)}}}lable for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) should be regarded as [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n accordance w{{{(i)}}}th the standard def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]]. Countr{{{(i)}}}es may, however, depend{{{(i)}}}ng on nat{{{(i)}}}onal c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances and pol{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}es, prefer to relax the seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n the case of persons temporar{{{(i)}}}ly la{{{(i)}}}d off. In such cases, persons temporar{{{(i)}}}ly la{{{(i)}}}d off who were not seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) but class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed as [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] should be {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed as a separate subcategory.
	102	+is largely unorganised or of limited scope, where labour absorption is, at the time, inadequate or where the labour force is largely self-employed, the standard definition of unemployment given in subparagraph (1) above may be applied by relaxing the criterion of seeking work.
93	93
94		-(6) Students, homemakers and others ma{{{(i)}}}nly engaged {{{(i)}}}n non-econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od who sat{{{(i)}}}sfy the cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}a la{{{(i)}}}d down {{{(i)}}}n subparagraphs (1) and (2) above should be regarded as [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] on the same bas{{{(i)}}}s as other categor{{{(i)}}}es of [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] persons and be {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed separately, where poss{{{(i)}}}ble.
	104	+In the application of the criterion of current availability for work, especially in situations covered by
95	95
96		-=== Populat{{{(i)}}}on not econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve ===
	106	+subparagraph (2) above, appropriate tests should be developed to suit national circumstances. Such tests may be based on notions such as present desire for work and previous work experience, willingness to take up work for wage or salary on locally prevailing terms, or readiness to undertake self-employment activity given the necessary resources and facilities.
97	97
98		-~11. The "populat{{{(i)}}}on not [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]]" compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons, {{{(i)}}}rrespect{{{(i)}}}ve of age, {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng those below the age spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed for measur{{{(i)}}}ng the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] who were not "[[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]]", as def{{{(i)}}}ned {{{(i)}}}n paragraph 5.
	108	+Notwithstanding the criterion of seeking work embodied in the standard definition of unemployment, persons without work and currently available for work who had made arrangements to take up paid employment or undertake selfemployment activity at a date subsequent to the reference period should be considered as unemployed.
99	99
100		-=== The populat{{{(i)}}}on not currently act{{{(i)}}}ve ===
	110	+Persons temporarily absent from their jobs with no formal job attachment who were currently available for work and seeking work should be regarded as unemployed in accordance with the standard definition of unemployment. Countries may, however, depending on national circumstances and policies, prefer to relax the seeking work criterion in the case of persons temporarily laid off. In such cases, persons temporarily laid off who were not seeking work but classified as unemployed should be identified as a separate subcategory.
101	101
102		-12. (1) The "populat{{{(i)}}}on not currently act{{{(i)}}}ve", or, equ{{{(i)}}}valently, persons not {{{(i)}}}n the [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]], compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons who were not [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] or [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] dur{{{(i)}}}ng the br{{{(i)}}}ef reference per{{{(i)}}}od and hence not currently act{{{(i)}}}ve because of (a) attendance at educat{{{(i)}}}onal {{{(i)}}}nst{{{(i)}}}tut{{{(i)}}}ons, (b) engagement {{{(i)}}}n household dut{{{(i)}}}es, (c) ret{{{(i)}}}rement or old age, or (d) other reasons such as {{{(i)}}}nf{{{(i)}}}rm{{{(i)}}}ty or d{{{(i)}}}sablement, wh{{{(i)}}}ch may be spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed.
	112	+Students, homemakers and others mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period who satisfy the criteria laid down in subparagraphs (1) and (2) above should be regarded as unemployed on the same basis as other categories of unemployed persons and be identified separately, where possible.
103	103
104		-(2) Countr{{{(i)}}}es adopt{{{(i)}}}ng the standard def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] may {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy persons not class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed as [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] who were ava{{{(i)}}}lable for (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) but not seek{{{(i)}}}ng (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) dur{{{(i)}}}ng the reference per{{{(i)}}}od and class{{{(i)}}}fy them separately under the populat{{{(i)}}}on not currently act{{{(i)}}}ve.
	114	+=== Population not economically active ===
105	105
106		-=== The populat{{{(i)}}}on not usually act{{{(i)}}}ve ===
	116	+The "population not economically active" comprises all persons, irrespective of age, including those below the age specified for measuring the economically active population who were not "economically active", as defined in paragraph 5.
107	107
108		-13. (1) The "populat{{{(i)}}}on not usually act{{{(i)}}}ve" compr{{{(i)}}}ses all persons whose ma{{{(i)}}}n act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty status dur{{{(i)}}}ng the longer spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed per{{{(i)}}}od was ne{{{(i)}}}ther [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] nor [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]]. It compr{{{(i)}}}ses the follow{{{(i)}}}ng funct{{{(i)}}}onal categor{{{(i)}}}es: (a) students; (b) homemakers; (c) {{{(i)}}}ncome rec{{{(i)}}}p{{{(i)}}}ents (pens{{{(i)}}}oners, rent{{{(i)}}}ers, etc.); and (d) others (rec{{{(i)}}}p{{{(i)}}}ents of publ{{{(i)}}}c a{{{(i)}}}d or pr{{{(i)}}}vate support, ch{{{(i)}}}ldren not attend{{{(i)}}}ng school, etc.) as def{{{(i)}}}ned by the Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons// Pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}ples and recommendat{{{(i)}}}ons for populat{{{(i)}}}on and hous{{{(i)}}}ng censuses// (1980).
	118	+=== The population not currently active ===
109	109
110		-(2) Where necessary, separate funct{{{(i)}}}onal subcategor{{{(i)}}}es may be {{{(i)}}}ntroduced to {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy persons engaged {{{(i)}}}n unpa{{{(i)}}}d commun{{{(i)}}}ty and [[volunteer>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Volonteer Work.WebHome]] serv{{{(i)}}}ces and ({{{(i)}}}{{{(i)}}}) other persons engaged {{{(i)}}}n marg{{{(i)}}}nal act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es wh{{{(i)}}}ch fall outs{{{(i)}}}de the boundary of econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es.
	120	+(1) The "population not currently active", or, equivalently, persons not in the labour force, comprises all persons who were not employed or unemployed during the brief reference period and hence not currently active because of (a) attendance at educational institutions, (b) engagement in household duties, (c) retirement or old age, or (d) other reasons such as infirmity or disablement, which may be specified.
111	111
112		-**Please note that paragraphs 14 to 20 on Underemployment are rev{{{(i)}}}sed by the more recent “Resolut{{{(i)}}}on on Underemployment and Inadequate [[Employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] s{{{(i)}}}tuat{{{(i)}}}ons”, 16^^th^^ ICLS, 1998, wh{{{(i)}}}ch can also be consulted on the Bureau of Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs’ webs{{{(i)}}}te**.
	122	+(2) Countries adopting the standard definition of unemployment may identify persons not classified as unemployed who were available for work but not seeking work during the reference period and classify them separately under the population not currently active.
113	113
114		-=== Analyt{{{(i)}}}cal concepts ===
	124	+The population not usually active
115	115
116		-21. Based on the concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons g{{{(i)}}}ven {{{(i)}}}n paragraphs 5 to 20 above, a var{{{(i)}}}ety of analyt{{{(i)}}}cal concepts and measures can be der{{{(i)}}}ved. For {{{(i)}}}nstance:
	126	+13. (1) The "population not usually active" comprises all persons whose main activity status during the longer specified period was neither employed nor unemployed. It comprises the following functional categories: (a) students; (b) homemakers; (c) income recipients (pensioners, rentiers, etc.); and (d) others (recipients of public aid or private support, children not attending school, etc.) as defined by the United Nations// Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses// (1980).
117	117
118		-(1) The [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] may be d{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ded {{{(i)}}}nto two broad segments: the armed forces and the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] c{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}an populat{{{(i)}}}on.
	128	+(2) Where necessary, separate functional subcategories may be introduced to identify (i) persons engaged in unpaid community and volunteer services and (ii) other persons engaged in marginal activities which fall outside the boundary of economic activities.
119	119
120		-(2) The [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] may be related to the total populat{{{(i)}}}on for the der{{{(i)}}}vat{{{(i)}}}on of a crude part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on rate, or, more appropr{{{(i)}}}ately, to the populat{{{(i)}}}on above the age prescr{{{(i)}}}bed for the measurement of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]].
	130	+**Please note that paragraphs 14 to 20 on Underemployment are revised by the more recent “Resolution on Underemployment and Inadequate Employment situations”, 16^^th^^ ICLS, 1998, which can also be consulted on the Bureau of Statistics’ website**.
121	121
122		-(3) The [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] populat{{{(i)}}}on may be related to the populat{{{(i)}}}on above the spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed age for the der{{{(i)}}}vat{{{(i)}}}on of an [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]]-populat{{{(i)}}}on rat{{{(i)}}}o.
	132	+=== Analytical concepts ===
123	123
124		-(4) The [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] populat{{{(i)}}}on may be related to the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] for the der{{{(i)}}}vat{{{(i)}}}on of a general [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] rate. [[Unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] rates, relevant to pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] on the one hand and self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] on the other, may be der{{{(i)}}}ved, wherever cons{{{(i)}}}dered useful and feas{{{(i)}}}ble.
	134	+Based on the concepts and definitions given in paragraphs 5 to 20 above, a variety of analytical concepts and measures can be derived. For instance:
125	125
126		--
	136	+The economically active population may be divided into two broad segments: the armed forces and the economically active civilian population.
127	127
128		-(6) A compos{{{(i)}}}te rate of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] and v{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}ble underemployment comp{{{(i)}}}led as the rat{{{(i)}}}o of [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] labour t{{{(i)}}}me ava{{{(i)}}}lable for [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] to the total labour t{{{(i)}}}me [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] or ava{{{(i)}}}lable for [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]].
	138	+The economically active population may be related to the total population for the derivation of a crude participation rate, or, more appropriately, to the population above the age prescribed for the measurement of the economically active population.
129	129
130		-The rates, rat{{{(i)}}}os and proport{{{(i)}}}ons suggested above may be comp{{{(i)}}}led separately by sex {{{(i)}}}n respect of spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed age groups.
	140	+The employed population may be related to the population above the specified age for the derivation of an employment-population ratio.
131	131
132		-22. The techn{{{(i)}}}que of labour t{{{(i)}}}me d{{{(i)}}}spos{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on suggested {{{(i)}}}n paragraph 20, {{{(i)}}}f carr{{{(i)}}}ed out through a ser{{{(i)}}}es of current surveys cover{{{(i)}}}ng a representat{{{(i)}}}ve sample of reference per{{{(i)}}}ods spread over a year, can be used for the est{{{(i)}}}mat{{{(i)}}}on of labour t{{{(i)}}}me [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] or [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] over the year. The est{{{(i)}}}mates may be expressed {{{(i)}}}n terms of person-days or person-hours or, {{{(i)}}}f so des{{{(i)}}}red, converted {{{(i)}}}nto standard full-t{{{(i)}}}me person-years.
	142	+The unemployed population may be related to the economically active population for the derivation of a general unemployment rate. Unemployment rates, relevant to paid employment on the one hand and self-employment on the other, may be derived, wherever considered useful and feasible.
133	133
134		-=== Employment and {{{(i)}}}ncome relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps ===
	144	+(6) A composite rate of unemployment and visible underemployment compiled as the ratio of unemployed labour time available for employment to the total labour time employed or available for employment.
135	135
136		-23. In order to real{{{(i)}}}se the object{{{(i)}}}ves of analys{{{(i)}}}s of the relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps between [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ncome ment{{{(i)}}}oned {{{(i)}}}n paragraph 1, countr{{{(i)}}}es should develop programmes of data collect{{{(i)}}}on on [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ncome that reveal related econom{{{(i)}}}c and soc{{{(i)}}}al aspects. In part{{{(i)}}}cular, data should be comp{{{(i)}}}led on [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}ncome from [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and household {{{(i)}}}ncome for the purpose of (a) analys{{{(i)}}}ng the {{{(i)}}}ncome-generat{{{(i)}}}ng capac{{{(i)}}}ty of d{{{(i)}}}fferent econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and (b) {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy{{{(i)}}}ng the number and character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of persons who are unable to ma{{{(i)}}}nta{{{(i)}}}n the{{{(i)}}}r econom{{{(i)}}}c well-be{{{(i)}}}ng on the bas{{{(i)}}}s of the [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] opportun{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es ava{{{(i)}}}lable to them.
	146	+The rates, ratios and proportions suggested above may be compiled separately by sex in respect of specified age groups.
137	137
138		-24. (1) In order to obta{{{(i)}}}n comprehens{{{(i)}}}ve measures of the relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps between [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ncome, the measurements of [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], {{{(i)}}}ncome from [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and household {{{(i)}}}ncome should refer to the (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) exper{{{(i)}}}ence of the populat{{{(i)}}}on over a long reference per{{{(i)}}}od, preferably a year, tak{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nto account not only the pr{{{(i)}}}nc{{{(i)}}}pal occupat{{{(i)}}}on but also any secondary occupat{{{(i)}}}ons and other sources of {{{(i)}}}ncome.
	148	+The technique of labour time disposition suggested in paragraph 20, if carried out through a series of current
139	139
140		-(2) Income from [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}ncludes [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]], [[salar{{{(i)}}}es>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] and other [[earn{{{(i)}}}ngs>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n cash and k{{{(i)}}}nd of persons {{{(i)}}}n pa{{{(i)}}}d [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and net entrepreneur{{{(i)}}}al {{{(i)}}}ncome of persons {{{(i)}}}n self-[[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]].
	150	+surveys covering a representative sample of reference periods spread over a year, can be used for the estimation of labour time employed or unemployed over the year. The estimates may be expressed in terms of person-days or person-hours or, if so desired, converted into standard full-time person-years.
141	141
142		-(3) The concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons of {{{(i)}}}ncome and {{{(i)}}}ts components are g{{{(i)}}}ven {{{(i)}}}n the resolut{{{(i)}}}ons concern{{{(i)}}}ng an {{{(i)}}}ntegrated system of [[wages>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Earn{{{(i)}}}ngs.WebHome]] stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs and concern{{{(i)}}}ng household {{{(i)}}}ncome and expend{{{(i)}}}ture surveys adopted by the Twelfth Conference (1973) and {{{(i)}}}n the Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons Prov{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}onal gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes on stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on of {{{(i)}}}ncome, consumpt{{{(i)}}}on and accumulat{{{(i)}}}on of households (1977).
	152	+=== Employment and income relationships ===
143	143
144		-(4) The stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ncome should be analysed to the extent poss{{{(i)}}}ble, {{{(i)}}}n conjunct{{{(i)}}}on w{{{(i)}}}th durat{{{(i)}}}on of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), household s{{{(i)}}}ze, number of earners, assets and other demograph{{{(i)}}}c, soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}dual and the household.
	154	+In order to realise the objectives of analysis of the relationships between employment and income mentioned in paragraph 1, countries should develop programmes of data collection on employment and income that reveal related economic and social aspects. In particular, data should be compiled on employment, income from employment and household income for the purpose of (a) analysing the income-generating capacity of different economic activities and (b) identifying the number and characteristics of persons who are unable to maintain their economic well-being on the basis of the employment opportunities available to them.
145	145
146		-(5) The stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ncome should be cons{{{(i)}}}stent w{{{(i)}}}th and, {{{(i)}}}n so far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble, be {{{(i)}}}ntegrated {{{(i)}}}nto the framework of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] set forth {{{(i)}}}n paragraphs 5 to 22 above.
	156	+(1) In order to obtain comprehensive measures of the relationships between employment and income, the measurements of employment, income from employment and household income should refer to the work experience of the population over a long reference period, preferably a year, taking into account not only the principal occupation but also any secondary occupations and other sources of income.
147	147
148		-=== Data collect{{{(i)}}}on, analys{{{(i)}}}s and class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons ===
	158	+Income from employment includes wages, salaries and other earnings in cash and kind of persons in paid employment and net entrepreneurial income of persons in self-employment.
149	149
150		-25. The Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Labour Off{{{(i)}}}ce should prepare a manual on stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] and underemployment deta{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}ng such aspects as methodology of data collect{{{(i)}}}on, tabulat{{{(i)}}}on and analys{{{(i)}}}s.
	160	+The concepts and definitions of income and its components are given in the resolutions concerning an integrated system of wages statistics and concerning household income and expenditure surveys adopted by the Twelfth Conference (1973) and in the United Nations Provisional guidelines on statistics of the distribution of income, consumption and accumulation of households (1977).
151	151
152		-26. (1) The analys{{{(i)}}}s of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] and the populat{{{(i)}}}on not [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] should {{{(i)}}}nclude class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons by s{{{(i)}}}gn{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cant demograph{{{(i)}}}c, soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs as well as appropr{{{(i)}}}ate cross-class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons by two or more related character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs.
	162	+The statistics on employment and income should be analysed to the extent possible, in conjunction with duration of work, household size, number of earners, assets and other demographic, social and economic characteristics of the individual and the household.
153	153
154		-(2) In part{{{(i)}}}cular, the populat{{{(i)}}}on above the age spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed for the measurement of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] should be cross-class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed by usual act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty status ([[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]], [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]], students, homemakers, etc.) and current act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty status ([[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]], [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] and not currently act{{{(i)}}}ve).
	164	+The statistics on employment and income should be consistent with and, in so far as possible, be integrated
155	155
156		-27. For the purpose of {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal compar{{{(i)}}}sons, the class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons of the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] should adhere to or be convert{{{(i)}}}ble {{{(i)}}}nto the standard {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons most recently adopted such as:
	166	+into the framework of the statistics of the economically active population set forth in paragraphs 5 to 22 above.
157	157
158		-* (a) Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Standard Class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of Occupat{{{(i)}}}ons (ISCO)-ILO;
159		-* (b) Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Standard Industr{{{(i)}}}al Class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of All Econom{{{(i)}}}c Act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es (ISIC)-Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons;
160		-* (c) Internat{{{(i)}}}onal class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on accord{{{(i)}}}ng to status (as employer, [[employee>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employees.WebHome]], etc.) — def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons of status by the Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons — except that for the class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}on of unpa{{{(i)}}}d fam{{{(i)}}}ly workers the m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum t{{{(i)}}}me cr{{{(i)}}}ter{{{(i)}}}on (at least one-th{{{(i)}}}rd of the normal (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) hours) no longer need be appl{{{(i)}}}ed;
161		-* (d) Prov{{{(i)}}}s{{{(i)}}}onal Gu{{{(i)}}}del{{{(i)}}}nes on Standard Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Age Class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons-Un{{{(i)}}}ted Nat{{{(i)}}}ons.
	168	+=== Data collection, analysis and classifications ===
162	162
163		-28. For class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons accord{{{(i)}}}ng to other character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs such as durat{{{(i)}}}on of (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), durat{{{(i)}}}on of [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], the Internat{{{(i)}}}onal Labour Off{{{(i)}}}ce should develop appropr{{{(i)}}}ate {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standard class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons tak{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nto account the current nat{{{(i)}}}onal pract{{{(i)}}}ces and needs.
	170	+The International Labour Office should prepare a manual on statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment detailing such aspects as methodology of data collection, tabulation and analysis.
164	164
165		-=== Data on part{{{(i)}}}cular top{{{(i)}}}cs ===
	172	+(1) The analysis of the economically active population and the population not economically active should
166	166
167		-29. In order to adequately study the trans{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}on phases from learn{{{(i)}}}ng to earn{{{(i)}}}ng act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and to develop appropr{{{(i)}}}ate pol{{{(i)}}}cy measures where necessary, spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}c stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be obta{{{(i)}}}ned per{{{(i)}}}od{{{(i)}}}cally on ch{{{(i)}}}ldren and youth {{{(i)}}}n relat{{{(i)}}}on to school attendance and the{{{(i)}}}r part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty. For th{{{(i)}}}s purpose, {{{(i)}}}t may be necessary to collect add{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}onal data on ch{{{(i)}}}ldren and youth below the spec{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}mum age l{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}t adopted for measur{{{(i)}}}ng the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]].
	174	+include classifications by significant demographic, social and economic characteristics as well as appropriate cross-classifications by two or more related characteristics.
168	168
169		-30. (1) For the purpose of develop{{{(i)}}}ng and mon{{{(i)}}}tor{{{(i)}}}ng programmes concerned w{{{(i)}}}th the part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on of women {{{(i)}}}n development and the promot{{{(i)}}}on of equal{{{(i)}}}ty between the sexes, an adequate stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cal base on women's part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}s essent{{{(i)}}}al. In th{{{(i)}}}s respect, therefore, the stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], underemployment and related top{{{(i)}}}cs should be comp{{{(i)}}}led separately for males and for females.
	176	+(2) In particular, the population above the age specified for the measurement of the economically active population should be cross-classified by usual activity status (employed, unemployed, students, homemakers, etc.) and current activity status (employed, unemployed and not currently active).
170	170
171		-(2) Further, {{{(i)}}}n order to obta{{{(i)}}}n more accurate stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on women's part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es, measurement methods should be carefully rev{{{(i)}}}ewed to ensure unb{{{(i)}}}ased coverage of men and women. Sex b{{{(i)}}}ases {{{(i)}}}n the form of underest{{{(i)}}}mat{{{(i)}}}on of women's part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty may result, for example, from {{{(i)}}}ncomplete coverage of unpa{{{(i)}}}d econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es, fa{{{(i)}}}lure of respondents and enumerators to take account of women's mult{{{(i)}}}ple act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and use of proxy respondents. Where necessary, research should be carr{{{(i)}}}ed out {{{(i)}}}n order to {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy the extent, nature and sources of the poss{{{(i)}}}ble b{{{(i)}}}ases, {{{(i)}}}f any, and to develop appropr{{{(i)}}}ate methods of reduc{{{(i)}}}ng them.
	178	+For the purpose of international comparisons, the classifications of the statistics of the economically active
172	172
173		-31. S{{{(i)}}}nce the part{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}pat{{{(i)}}}on {{{(i)}}}n econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty of {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}duals often depends on the c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances of other members of the fam{{{(i)}}}ly or household and {{{(i)}}}n many countr{{{(i)}}}es, part{{{(i)}}}cularly {{{(i)}}}n rural areas of develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, econom{{{(i)}}}c act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ty {{{(i)}}}s largely organ{{{(i)}}}sed on a fam{{{(i)}}}ly or household bas{{{(i)}}}s, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], underemployment and related top{{{(i)}}}cs should be supplemented per{{{(i)}}}od{{{(i)}}}cally by stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on fam{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}es and households: for example, {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy{{{(i)}}}ng the [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n terms of the{{{(i)}}}r relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}p to other members of the household or fam{{{(i)}}}ly, presence of other (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work{{{(i)}}}ng(%%) members of the household or fam{{{(i)}}}ly, number of ch{{{(i)}}}ldren {{{(i)}}}n the household or fam{{{(i)}}}ly, as well as {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy{{{(i)}}}ng households and fam{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}n terms of number of members [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]], sex and other character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the pr{{{(i)}}}mary earner {{{(i)}}}n the household or fam{{{(i)}}}ly, etc.
	180	+population should adhere to or be convertible into the standard international classifications most recently adopted such as:
174	174
175		-32. In order to prov{{{(i)}}}de {{{(i)}}}mproved and more deta{{{(i)}}}led {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on on [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]] and underemployment and for other purposes such as {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy{{{(i)}}}ng mult{{{(i)}}}ple act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and marg{{{(i)}}}nal act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es, attempts should be made to collect per{{{(i)}}}od{{{(i)}}}cally stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on t{{{(i)}}}me-use.
	182	+International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)-ILO;
176	176
177		-33. In order to account for the [[{{{(i)}}}nformal sector>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Informal sector.WebHome]] act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es both {{{(i)}}}n developed and develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es and the rural non-agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es generally carr{{{(i)}}}ed out by households {{{(i)}}}n conjunct{{{(i)}}}on w{{{(i)}}}th agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es {{{(i)}}}n develop{{{(i)}}}ng countr{{{(i)}}}es, and g{{{(i)}}}ven the scarc{{{(i)}}}ty of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs on these top{{{(i)}}}cs, {{{(i)}}}t {{{(i)}}}s des{{{(i)}}}rable that countr{{{(i)}}}es develop appropr{{{(i)}}}ate methodolog{{{(i)}}}es and data collect{{{(i)}}}on programmes on the urban [[{{{(i)}}}nformal sector>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Informal sector.WebHome]] and the rural non-agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es. In part{{{(i)}}}cular, su{{{(i)}}}table def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons and class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons should be developed {{{(i)}}}n order to {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy and class{{{(i)}}}fy the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n the urban [[{{{(i)}}}nformal sector>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Informal sector.WebHome]] and those engaged {{{(i)}}}n the rural non-agr{{{(i)}}}cultural act{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es.
	184	+International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)-United Nations;
178	178
179		-34. In order to prov{{{(i)}}}de adequate [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] opportun{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}es and means of l{{{(i)}}}vel{{{(i)}}}hood for the d{{{(i)}}}sabled and other hand{{{(i)}}}capped persons, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs should be collected and comp{{{(i)}}}led us{{{(i)}}}ng appropr{{{(i)}}}ate methodolog{{{(i)}}}es on the s{{{(i)}}}ze of th{{{(i)}}}s populat{{{(i)}}}on and {{{(i)}}}ts d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on accord{{{(i)}}}ng to relevant soc{{{(i)}}}al and econom{{{(i)}}}c character{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs d{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}ngu{{{(i)}}}sh{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}n part{{{(i)}}}cular those [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]], those [[unemployed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Unemployment.WebHome]] and those {{{(i)}}}nact{{{(i)}}}ve.
	186	+International classification according to status (as employer, employee, etc.) — definitions of status by the United Nations — except that for the classification of unpaid family workers the minimum time criterion (at least one-third of the normal working hours) no longer need be applied;
180	180
181		-35. (1) It {{{(i)}}}s recommended that {{{(i)}}}n countr{{{(i)}}}es w{{{(i)}}}th a planned economy, extens{{{(i)}}}ve use should be made of the balance sheet of [[labour resources>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Resources.WebHome]] so as to {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy the s{{{(i)}}}ze and structure of the [[labour force>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Force.WebHome]] and {{{(i)}}}ts geograph{{{(i)}}}cal d{{{(i)}}}str{{{(i)}}}but{{{(i)}}}on by type of [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]] and sector of the nat{{{(i)}}}onal economy.
	188	+Provisional Guidelines on Standard International Age Classifications-United Nations.
182	182
183		-(2) The populat{{{(i)}}}on of [[work{{{(i)}}}ng age>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work{{{(i)}}}ng Age.WebHome]], w{{{(i)}}}th the except{{{(i)}}}on of the d{{{(i)}}}sabled who do not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%), and also the populat{{{(i)}}}on not of [[work{{{(i)}}}ng age>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work{{{(i)}}}ng Age.WebHome]], are {{{(i)}}}ncluded as [[labour resources>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Resources.WebHome]]. The balance sheet of [[labour resources>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Resources.WebHome]] may be broken down separately accord{{{(i)}}}ng to sex, {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy{{{(i)}}}ng persons [[employed>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Persons {{{(i)}}}n Employment.WebHome]] {{{(i)}}}n subs{{{(i)}}}d{{{(i)}}}ary farm{{{(i)}}}ng and {{{(i)}}}n housework, d{{{(i)}}}sabled persons of [[work{{{(i)}}}ng age>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work{{{(i)}}}ng Age.WebHome]] but who do not (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) and persons not of [[work{{{(i)}}}ng age>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Work{{{(i)}}}ng Age.WebHome]].
	190	+For classifications according to other characteristics such as duration of work, duration of unemployment, the International Labour Office should develop appropriate international standard classifications taking into account the current national practices and needs.
184	184
185		-(3) The data {{{(i)}}}n the balance sheets make {{{(i)}}}t poss{{{(i)}}}ble to {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}fy the proport{{{(i)}}}on of [[labour resources>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Labour Resources.WebHome]] wh{{{(i)}}}ch may be ut{{{(i)}}}l{{{(i)}}}sed {{{(i)}}}n the future to (% style="color:#e74c3c" %)work(%%) {{{(i)}}}n nat{{{(i)}}}onal product{{{(i)}}}on.
	192	+=== Data on particular topics ===
186	186
187		-36. It {{{(i)}}}s suggested that countr{{{(i)}}}es cons{{{(i)}}}der collect{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}nformat{{{(i)}}}on on the populat{{{(i)}}}on not [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], tak{{{(i)}}}ng account of nat{{{(i)}}}onal needs and c{{{(i)}}}rcumstances, to ass{{{(i)}}}st governments {{{(i)}}}n des{{{(i)}}}gn{{{(i)}}}ng the{{{(i)}}}r human resources and development pol{{{(i)}}}c{{{(i)}}}es. Countr{{{(i)}}}es should develop class{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}cat{{{(i)}}}ons des{{{(i)}}}gned to perm{{{(i)}}}t cross-tabulat{{{(i)}}}on reflect{{{(i)}}}ng the relat{{{(i)}}}ve strength of attachment to the labour market of the groups {{{(i)}}}dent{{{(i)}}}f{{{(i)}}}ed {{{(i)}}}n paragraphs 12(1) and 13(1) above.
	194	+In order to adequately study the transition phases from learning to earning activities and to develop appropriate
188	188
189		-=== Evaluat{{{(i)}}}on and d{{{(i)}}}ssem{{{(i)}}}nat{{{(i)}}}on ===
	196	+policy measures where necessary, specific statistics should be obtained periodically on children and youth in relation to school attendance and their participation in economic activity. For this purpose, it may be necessary to collect additional data on children and youth below the specified minimum age limit adopted for measuring the economically active population.
190	190
191		-37. L{{{(i)}}}ke any other set of data, stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], underemployment and related top{{{(i)}}}cs are subject to errors. Wh{{{(i)}}}le the data collect{{{(i)}}}on programme should be carefully des{{{(i)}}}gned to m{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}se poss{{{(i)}}}ble errors, some are bound to occur. A careful {{{(i)}}}nterpretat{{{(i)}}}on of the results, therefore, requ{{{(i)}}}res some knowledge about the qual{{{(i)}}}ty of the data. An evaluat{{{(i)}}}on of data qual{{{(i)}}}ty {{{(i)}}}s also necessary to {{{(i)}}}mprove upon data collect{{{(i)}}}on, process{{{(i)}}}ng and est{{{(i)}}}mat{{{(i)}}}on procedures {{{(i)}}}n subsequent rounds of the programme. The evaluat{{{(i)}}}on procedure should as far as poss{{{(i)}}}ble form part of the data collect{{{(i)}}}on programme {{{(i)}}}tself.
	198	+(1) For the purpose of developing and monitoring programmes concerned with the participation of women in development and the promotion of equality between the sexes, an adequate statistical base on women's participation in economic activities is essential. In this respect, therefore, the statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment and related topics should be compiled separately for males and for females.
192	192
193		-38. Stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], underemployment and related top{{{(i)}}}cs should be {{{(i)}}}ssued promptly and made w{{{(i)}}}dely ava{{{(i)}}}lable. The stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs may be {{{(i)}}}ssued {{{(i)}}}n stages by means of prel{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}nary reports as soon as the ma{{{(i)}}}n aggregates are ava{{{(i)}}}lable, followed by one or more f{{{(i)}}}nal reports g{{{(i)}}}v{{{(i)}}}ng the rev{{{(i)}}}sed and deta{{{(i)}}}led stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs, {{{(i)}}}n tabular form and, to the extent poss{{{(i)}}}ble and perm{{{(i)}}}ss{{{(i)}}}ble, {{{(i)}}}n mach{{{(i)}}}ne readable form.
	200	+(2) Further, in order to obtain more accurate statistics on women's participation in economic activities, measurement methods should be carefully reviewed to ensure unbiased coverage of men and women. Sex biases in the form of underestimation of women's participation in economic activity may result, for example, from incomplete coverage of unpaid economic activities, failure of respondents and enumerators to take account of women's multiple activities and use of proxy respondents. Where necessary, research should be carried out in order to identify the extent, nature and sources of the possible biases, if any, and to develop appropriate methods of reducing them.
194	194
195		-39. Every release of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs of the [[econom{{{(i)}}}cally act{{{(i)}}}ve populat{{{(i)}}}on>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Potent{{{(i)}}}al Labour Force.WebHome]], [[employment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Employment Work.WebHome]], [[unemployment>>doc:work{{{(i)}}}ng:Glossary.Unemployment.WebHome]], underemployment and related top{{{(i)}}}cs, whether recurr{{{(i)}}}ng or s{{{(i)}}}ngle-t{{{(i)}}}me, should clearly {{{(i)}}}nd{{{(i)}}}cate the nature of the data and make reference to any deta{{{(i)}}}led techn{{{(i)}}}cal descr{{{(i)}}}pt{{{(i)}}}ons. In part{{{(i)}}}cular, descr{{{(i)}}}pt{{{(i)}}}ons should be g{{{(i)}}}ven of the scope and coverage, the concepts and def{{{(i)}}}n{{{(i)}}}t{{{(i)}}}ons, the method of data collect{{{(i)}}}on, the sample s{{{(i)}}}ze and des{{{(i)}}}gn where sampl{{{(i)}}}ng {{{(i)}}}s used, the methods of est{{{(i)}}}mat{{{(i)}}}on and adjustments, {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng seasonal adjustments where appl{{{(i)}}}ed, measures of data qual{{{(i)}}}ty, {{{(i)}}}nclud{{{(i)}}}ng sampl{{{(i)}}}ng and non-sampl{{{(i)}}}ng errors where poss{{{(i)}}}ble, as well as descr{{{(i)}}}pt{{{(i)}}}ons of changes {{{(i)}}}n h{{{(i)}}}stor{{{(i)}}}cal ser{{{(i)}}}es, dev{{{(i)}}}at{{{(i)}}}ons from {{{(i)}}}nternat{{{(i)}}}onal standards and relat{{{(i)}}}onsh{{{(i)}}}ps w{{{(i)}}}th other sources of s{{{(i)}}}m{{{(i)}}}lar data and related bod{{{(i)}}}es of stat{{{(i)}}}st{{{(i)}}}cs.
	202	+Since the participation in economic activity of individuals often depends on the circumstances of other
	203	+
	204	+members of the family or household and in many countries, particularly in rural areas of developing countries, economic activity is largely organised on a family or household basis, statistics on economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment and related topics should be supplemented periodically by statistics on families and households: for example, identifying the unemployed in terms of their relationship to other members of the household or family, presence of other working members of the household or family, number of children in the household or family, as well as identifying households and families in terms of number of members unemployed, sex and other characteristics of the primary earner in the household or family, etc.
	205	+
	206	+In order to provide improved and more detailed information on employment, unemployment and
	207	+
	208	+underemployment and for other purposes such as identifying multiple activities and marginal activities, attempts should be made to collect periodically statistics on time-use.
	209	+
	210	+In order to account for the informal sector activities both in developed and developing countries and the rural non-agricultural activities generally carried out by households in conjunction with agricultural activities in developing countries, and given the scarcity of statistics on these topics, it is desirable that countries develop appropriate methodologies and data collection programmes on the urban informal sector and the rural non-agricultural activities. In particular, suitable definitions and classifications should be developed in order to identify and classify the economically active population in the urban informal sector and those engaged in the rural non-agricultural activities.
	211	+
	212	+In order to provide adequate employment opportunities and means of livelihood for the disabled and other handicapped persons, statistics should be collected and compiled using appropriate methodologies on the size of this population and its distribution according to relevant social and economic characteristics distinguishing in particular those employed, those unemployed and those inactive.
	213	+
	214	+(1) It is recommended that in countries with a planned economy, extensive use should be made of the balance sheet of labour resources so as to identify the size and structure of the labour force and its geographical distribution by type of employment and sector of the national economy.
	215	+
	216	+The population of working age, with the exception of the disabled who do not work, and also the population not of working age, are included as labour resources. The balance sheet of labour resources may be broken down separately according to sex, identifying persons employed in subsidiary farming and in housework, disabled persons of working age but who do not work and persons not of working age.
	217	+
	218	+The data in the balance sheets make it possible to identify the proportion of labour resources which may be utilised in the future to work in national production.
	219	+
	220	+It is suggested that countries consider collecting information on the population not economically active, taking account of national needs and circumstances, to assist governments in designing their human resources and development policies. Countries should develop classifications designed to permit cross-tabulation reflecting the relative strength of attachment to the labour market of the groups identified in paragraphs 12(1) and 13(1) above.
	221	+
	222	+=== Evaluation and dissemination ===
	223	+
	224	+Like any other set of data, statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment and related topics are subject to errors. While the data collection programme should be carefully designed to minimise possible errors, some are bound to occur. A careful interpretation of the results, therefore, requires some knowledge about the quality of the data. An evaluation of data quality is also necessary to improve upon data collection, processing and estimation procedures in subsequent rounds of the programme. The evaluation procedure should as far as possible form part of the data collection programme itself.
	225	+
	226	+Statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment and related topics should be issued promptly and made widely available. The statistics may be issued in stages by means of preliminary reports as soon as the main aggregates are available, followed by one or more final reports giving the revised and detailed statistics, in tabular form and, to the extent possible and permissible, in machine readable form.
	227	+
	228	+Every release of statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment and related topics, whether recurring or single-time, should clearly indicate the nature of the data and make reference to any detailed technical descriptions. In particular, descriptions should be given of the scope and coverage, the concepts and definitions, the method of data collection, the sample size and design where sampling is used, the methods of estimation and adjustments, including seasonal adjustments where applied, measures of data quality, including sampling and non-sampling errors where possible, as well as descriptions of changes in historical series, deviations from international standards and relationships with other sources of similar data and related bodies of statistics.