Skip to Content

​​​​​​​Appendix

Version 8.1 by Artur on 2025/06/26 11:32
Warning: For security reasons, the document is displayed in restricted mode as it is not the current version. There may be differences and errors due to this.

}tle="Contents"}}
The [toc] macro is a standalone macro and it cannot be used inline. Click on this message for details.

Append(i)x

Rev(i)sed draft report at 30 July 2018

20th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps

Preamble

The 20th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans,

Hav(i)ng rev(i)ewed the relevant texts of the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng the Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment (ICSE), adopted by the 15th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (January 1993),

Tak(i)ng (i)nto cons(i)derat(i)on the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of work, employment and labour underut(i)l(i)zat(i)on adopted by the 19th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (ICLS) (2013), and the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng the measurement of work(i)ng t(i)me adopted by the 18th ICLS (2008),

Recall(i)ng the requ(i)rements of the Labour Stat(i)st(i)cs Convent(i)on, 1985 (No. 160), and the accompany(i)ng Labour Stat(i)st(i)cs Recommendat(i)on, 1985 (No. 170), and the need for coherence w(i)th other (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal standards, part(i)cularly w(i)th regard to the system of nat(i)onal accounts, work(i)ng t(i)me, employment-related (i)ncome, and work (i)n the (i)nformal economy,

Recogn(i)z(i)ng the need to rev(i)se and broaden the ex(i)st(i)ng standards for stat(i)st(i)cs on status (i)n employment (i)n order to enable better stat(i)st(i)cal measurement of var(i)ous aspects of the relat(i)onsh(i)ps between workers and the econom(i)c un(i)ts for wh(i)ch the(i)r work (i)s performed; to adequately mon(i)tor changes (i)n employment arrangements and forms of employment; to extend the scope of stat(i)st(i)cal standards on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps to cover all forms of work; and to prov(i)de gu(i)del(i)nes on a w(i)der set of measures than prev(i)ously def(i)ned (i)nternat(i)onally, thereby enhanc(i)ng the relevance and usefulness of the standards for countr(i)es and terr(i)tor(i)es (here(i)nafter referred to as “countr(i)es”) at all stages of development,

Call(i)ng attent(i)on to the usefulness of these standards to enhance the (i)nternat(i)onal comparab(i)l(i)ty of stat(i)st(i)cs on workers’ contractual s(i)tuat(i)ons, to the(i)r contr(i)but(i)on to the measurement of decent work and of well-be(i)ng of households and soc(i)ety (i)n general, thereby support(i)ng and fac(i)l(i)tat(i)ng the 2030 Agenda for Susta(i)nable Development, as well as to the ach(i)evement of gender just(i)ce,

Acknowledg(i)ng that the relevance of stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps (i)n a g(i)ven country w(i)ll depend on the nature of (i)ts soc(i)ety, labour markets and regulat(i)ons as well as user needs, and that the(i)r (i)mplementat(i)on w(i)ll therefore, to a certa(i)n extent, be determ(i)ned by nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances,

Adopts th(i)s xth day of October 2018 the follow(i)ng resolut(i)on (i)n subst(i)tut(i)on for the resolut(i)on of 1993 and for paragraph 25 of the resolut(i)on of 2013 c(i)ted above.

Object(i)ves and scope

1. The standards set by th(i)s resolut(i)on a(i)m to gu(i)de countr(i)es (i)n updat(i)ng, harmon(i)z(i)ng and further develop(i)ng the(i)r stat(i)st(i)cal programmes that (i)nclude (i)nformat(i)on on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps. Stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps are concerned w(i)th: (a) the author(i)ty relat(i)onsh(i)ps between persons who work and the econom(i)c un(i)ts (i)n wh(i)ch or for wh(i)ch the work (i)s performed; and (b) the econom(i)c r(i)sks that follow from the contractual or other cond(i)t(i)ons under wh(i)ch the work (i)s performed. These stat(i)st(i)cs can relate to all forms of work, (i)nclud(i)ng own-use product(i)on work, employment, unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work, volunteer work and other forms of work.

2. These standards should fac(i)l(i)tate the product(i)on of nat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps for var(i)ous purposes as part of an (i)ntegrated nat(i)onal system of work stat(i)st(i)cs based on common concepts and def(i)n(i)t(i)ons that are al(i)gned w(i)th the current (i)nternat(i)onal standards and gu(i)del(i)nes for stat(i)st(i)cs on work adopted by the Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (ICLS). 

3. In order to promote the coherence and (i)ntegrat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs from d(i)fferent sources on mult(i)ple character(i)st(i)cs of work relat(i)onsh(i)ps, the resolut(i)on prov(i)des: 

  • (a) an overarch(i)ng conceptual framework for stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps;
  • (b) a rev(i)sed Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment (to be des(i)gnated ICSE 18);
  • (c) an Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work as a reference class(i)f(i)cat(i)on cover(i)ng all forms of work;
  • (d) a set of cross-cutt(i)ng var(i)ables and categor(i)es that are not reflected (i)n the status at work categor(i)es, (i)n order to prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on on character(i)st(i)cs assoc(i)ated w(i)th the degree of stab(i)l(i)ty and permanence of a part(i)cular work arrangement, and allow the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of part(i)cular groups of pol(i)cy (i)nterest; and
  • (e) operat(i)onal concepts, def(i)n(i)t(i)ons and gu(i)del(i)nes for the collect(i)on and comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on status (i)n employment and the cross-cutt(i)ng var(i)ables.

4. The character(i)st(i)cs of jobs and work act(i)v(i)t(i)es that are relevant and of (i)nterest for stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps vary depend(i)ng on the form of work and on the analyt(i)cal purposes of the stat(i)st(i)cs. Some of the concepts, var(i)ables, class(i)f(i)cat(i)on schemes and categor(i)es descr(i)bed (i)n these standards are relevant, therefore, only for certa(i)n forms of work. Others should be appl(i)ed to all forms of work. 

5. Each country should a(i)m to develop (i)ts stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps (i)n order to prov(i)de an adequate (i)nformat(i)on base for a w(i)de range of descr(i)pt(i)ve and analyt(i)cal purposes, tak(i)ng account of spec(i)f(i)c nat(i)onal needs and c(i)rcumstances, (i)n order to prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on on:

  • (a) the nature of the econom(i)c r(i)sks and author(i)ty exper(i)enced by workers, the strength and nature of the(i)r attachment to the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they work, and the (i)mpact of econom(i)c and soc(i)al changes on the(i)r work;
  • (b) the (i)mpact of government pol(i)c(i)es (i)n relat(i)on to employment creat(i)on, promot(i)on of enterpr(i)se, and labour market regulat(i)on on the nature of jobs and the qual(i)ty of employment;
  • (c) the (i)mpact of government pol(i)c(i)es and regulat(i)on (i)n relat(i)on to unpa(i)d forms of work;
  • (d) the extent to wh(i)ch engagement (i)n employment and part(i)c(i)pat(i)on (i)n other forms of work prov(i)de access to soc(i)al protect(i)on and (i)ncome secur(i)ty;
  • (e) wages, earn(i)ngs and labour costs;
  • (f) the f(i)scal (i)mpact of employment (i)n var(i)ous types of work relat(i)onsh(i)ps;
  • (g) soc(i)o-econom(i)c status;
  • (h) the volume of work or labour (i)nputs for nat(i)onal product(i)on accounts, separately for workers employed for pay and workers employed for prof(i)t;
  • ((i) ) part(i)c(i)pat(i)on (i)n d(i)fferent types of work relat(i)onsh(i)ps among populat(i)on groups such as women and men, young people, ch(i)ldren, m(i)grants and other groups of part(i)cular pol(i)cy concern; and
  • (j) the relat(i)onsh(i)ps between d(i)fferent forms of work arrangements and the(i)r econom(i)c and soc(i)al outcomes.

6. In develop(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps, countr(i)es should endeavour to apply these standards to assess trends and structural changes for the purpose of labour market, econom(i)c and soc(i)al analys(i)s and to fac(i)l(i)tate (i)nternat(i)onal comparab(i)l(i)ty. 

Reference concepts

Stat(i)st(i)cal un(i)ts

7. The un(i)ts that are relevant for the product(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps are persons, jobs or work act(i)v(i)t(i)es and econom(i)c un(i)ts.

8. A job or work act(i)v(i)ty (i)s def(i)ned as a set of tasks and dut(i)es performed, or meant to be performed, by one person for a s(i)ngle econom(i)c un(i)t: 

  • (a) The term job (i)s used (i)n reference to employment. Th(i)s stat(i)st(i)cal un(i)t, when relat(i)ng to own-use product(i)on work, unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work and volunteer work (i)s referred to as work act(i)v(i)ty. 
  • (b) Persons may have one or several jobs dur(i)ng a g(i)ven reference per(i)od. In cases of mult(i)ple jobhold(i)ng, the ma(i)n job (i)s that w(i)th the longest hours usually worked, as def(i)ned (i)n the current (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal standards on work(i)ng t(i)me. 
  • (c) Those employed as (i)ndependent workers have as many jobs as the econom(i)c un(i)ts they own or co-own, (i)rrespect(i)ve of the number of cl(i)ents served. 
  • (d) For those employed as dependent workers the set of tasks should be cons(i)dered to be performed for the econom(i)c un(i)t on wh(i)ch the worker (i)s dependent, and a separate job def(i)ned for each econom(i)c un(i)t on wh(i)ch the worker (i)s dependent. 
  • (e) Separate work act(i)v(i)t(i)es are def(i)ned when a person (i)s engaged (i)n both own-use product(i)on of goods and own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces for the same household. Th(i)s allows the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of work act(i)v(i)t(i)es w(i)th(i)n and beyond the product(i)on boundary (i)n the System of Nat(i)onal Accounts (SNA).

9. S(i)nce stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps refer pr(i)mar(i)ly to character(i)st(i)cs of jobs or work act(i)v(i)t(i)es (i)n spec(i)f(i)c econom(i)c un(i)ts, persons may have as many work relat(i)onsh(i)ps as they have jobs or work act(i)v(i)t(i)es (i)n econom(i)c un(i)ts. S(i)nce some types of work relat(i)onsh(i)p and some forms of employment may be more prevalent (i)n secondary act(i)v(i)t(i)es than (i)n the ma(i)n job, stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps (i)n secondary and other jobs or work act(i)v(i)t(i)es are necessary to ga(i)n a full understand(i)ng of the extent of all types of work relat(i)onsh(i)p, (i)nclud(i)ng those assoc(i)ated w(i)th non-standard forms of employment. 

10. Two character(i)st(i)cs of jobs and work act(i)v(i)t(i)es are relevant to d(i)fferent(i)ate them accord(i)ng to status at work and status (i)n employment, and to arrange them (i)nto aggregate groups. These are the type of author(i)ty that the worker (i)s able to exerc(i)se (i)n relat(i)on to the work performed and the type of econom(i)c r(i)sk to wh(i)ch the worker (i)s exposed. 

Type of author(i)ty

11. The type of author(i)ty refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organ(i)zat(i)on of h(i)s or her work, the nature of author(i)ty that he or she exerc(i)ses over the econom(i)c un(i)t for wh(i)ch the work (i)s performed ((i)nclud(i)ng (i)ts act(i)v(i)t(i)es and transact(i)ons), and the extent to wh(i)ch the worker (i)s dependent on another person or econom(i)c un(i)t for organ(i)zat(i)on of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of author(i)ty (i)s used to class(i)fy workers as dependent or (i)ndependent.

Independent workers

12. Independent workers own the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they work and control (i)ts act(i)v(i)t(i)es. They make the most (i)mportant dec(i)s(i)ons about the act(i)v(i)t(i)es of the econom(i)c un(i)t and the organ(i)zat(i)on of the(i)r work. They may work on the(i)r own account or (i)n partnersh(i)p w(i)th other (i)ndependent workers and may or may not prov(i)de work for others. 

Entrepreneurs

13. Entrepreneurs are persons who own and control an enterpr(i)se and seek to generate value through the creat(i)on of econom(i)c act(i)v(i)ty by (i)dent(i)fy(i)ng and explo(i)t(i)ng new products, processes or markets. In do(i)ng so, they create employment for themselves and potent(i)ally for others. The category of “(i)ndependent workers” (i)n the class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of status (i)n employment prov(i)des the best start(i)ng po(i)nt for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on and comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on entrepreneurs. Add(i)t(i)onal (i)nformat(i)on relevant to the nat(i)onal context, such as the s(i)ze, age and other character(i)st(i)cs of the enterpr(i)se, (i)s needed to prov(i)de complete stat(i)st(i)cs on entrepreneursh(i)p and to accurately (i)dent(i)fy those workers who are creat(i)ng employment opportun(i)t(i)es for themselves or for others.

Dependent workers

14. Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete author(i)ty or control over the econom(i)c un(i)t for wh(i)ch they work. If they are (i)n employment for prof(i)t they have no employees, and do not make the most (i)mportant dec(i)s(i)ons about the act(i)v(i)t(i)es of the econom(i)c un(i)t for wh(i)ch they work. 

Type of econom(i)c r(i)sk

15. Type of econom(i)c r(i)sk refers to the extent to wh(i)ch the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of f(i)nanc(i)al or other resources (i)n pursuance of the act(i)v(i)ty; and (2) exper(i)ence unrel(i)ab(i)l(i)ty of remunerat(i)on (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd or rece(i)ve no remunerat(i)on. 

16. Econom(i)c r(i)sk may be measured operat(i)onally by cons(i)der(i)ng:

  • the ex(i)stence and nature of remunerat(i)on for the work performed; 
  • the degree of stab(i)l(i)ty or permanence of the job or work act(i)v(i)ty; and
  • the extent to wh(i)ch the worker (i)s protected (i)n the event of s(i)ckness, acc(i)dent, or term(i)nat(i)on of the job. 

17. In stat(i)st(i)cs on employment, the type of econom(i)c r(i)sk (i)s used to class(i)fy workers as (i)n employment for prof(i)t or (i)n employment for pay based pr(i)mar(i)ly on the nature of the remunerat(i)on for a part(i)cular job. The aspects of the nature of the remunerat(i)on taken (i)nto cons(i)derat(i)on (i)nclude whether or not remunerat(i)on (i)s rece(i)ved or expected: 

  • (a) (i)n the form of prof(i)t (and therefore also enta(i)ls the r(i)sk of loss); 
  • (b) based on t(i)me worked;
  • (c) by the p(i)ece for the goods produced or serv(i)ces prov(i)ded; or 
  • (d) as a fee for the product(i)on of goods or prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces. 

Workers (i)n employment for prof(i)t

18. Workers (i)n employment for prof(i)t are employed persons whose remunerat(i)on (i)s d(i)rectly and ent(i)rely dependent on the prof(i)t or loss made by the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they are employed, (i)nclud(i)ng remunerat(i)on (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd by way of a commerc(i)al transact(i)on for goods produced or serv(i)ces prov(i)ded. They do not rece(i)ve a wage or salary (i)n return for t(i)me worked. 

19. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons are excluded from workers (i)n employment for prof(i)t. Wh(i)le they are exposed to econom(i)c r(i)sk related to the potent(i)al for loss of (i)nvestments made (i)n the corporat(i)on, the r(i)sk (i)s m(i)t(i)gated due to l(i)m(i)tat(i)ons of l(i)ab(i)l(i)ty when corporat(i)ons are separate legal ent(i)t(i)es from the persons who own them. They may rece(i)ve a wage or salary whether or not the corporat(i)on (i)s mak(i)ng a prof(i)t and may also be (i)n rece(i)pt of payments der(i)v(i)ng from prof(i)ts.

Workers (i)n employment for pay

20. Workers (i)n employment for pay are employed persons who rece(i)ve, or expect to rece(i)ve, remunerat(i)on (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd, (i)n return for t(i)me worked or for each p(i)ece or serv(i)ce produced. They (i)nclude both employees and owner-operators of corporat(i)ons who hold a job (i)n an (i)ncorporated enterpr(i)se wh(i)ch they own and control. 

The Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment (ICSE-18)

21. The Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment (ICSE-18) class(i)f(i)es jobs (i)n employment for pay or prof(i)t (i)nto ten deta(i)led categor(i)es based on the concepts of type of author(i)ty and type of econom(i)c r(i)sk descr(i)bed above. These categor(i)es may be aggregated accord(i)ng to two alternat(i)ve class(i)f(i)cat(i)on h(i)erarch(i)es: the Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment accord(i)ng to type of author(i)ty (ICSE-18-A) and the Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment accord(i)ng to type of econom(i)c r(i)sk (ICSE-18-R).

22. Both h(i)erarch(i)es for status (i)n employment, based on econom(i)c r(i)sk and author(i)ty, should have equal pr(i)or(i)ty when produc(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs. Stat(i)st(i)cs from labour force surveys and, when poss(i)ble from other relevant sources, should be comp(i)led on a regular bas(i)s accord(i)ng to both h(i)erarch(i)es. 

Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment accord(i)ng to type of author(i)ty (ICSE-18-A)

23. ICSE-18-A prov(i)des, at (i)ts top level, a d(i)chotomy between (i)ndependent workers and dependent workers (i)n wh(i)ch:

Independent workers are class(i)f(i)ed (i)nto the follow(i)ng groups:

A. Employers:

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons.

12– Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses.

B. Independent workers w(i)thout employees:

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees.

Dependent workers are class(i)f(i)ed (i)nto the follow(i)ng groups:

C. Dependent contractors:

30 – Dependent contractors.

D. Employees:

41 – Permanent employees.

42 – F(i)xed-term employees.

43 – Short-term and casual employees.

44 – Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns.

E. Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers:

51 – Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers.

24. ICSE-18-A (i)s su(i)table for var(i)ous types of labour market analys(i)s, (i)nclud(i)ng analys(i)s of the (i)mpact of econom(i)c cycles on the labour market, and of government pol(i)c(i)es related to employment creat(i)on and regulat(i)on. It (i)s also the most su(i)table h(i)erarchy for use as an (i)nput var(i)able (i)n the comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs class(i)f(i)ed by soc(i)o-econom(i)c status. 

Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment accord(i)ng to type of econom(i)c r(i)sk (ICSE-18-R)

25. ICSE-18-R prov(i)des a d(i)chotomy between employment for pay and employment for prof(i)t. Th(i)s latter d(i)chotomy (i)s analogous to the trad(i)t(i)onal d(i)st(i)nct(i)on between pa(i)d employment and self-employment, used for example (i)n the SNA. 

Workers (i)n employment for prof(i)t are class(i)f(i)ed (i)nto the follow(i)ng groups:

F. Independent workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses:

12 – Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees.

C. Dependent contractors:

30 – Dependent contractors.

E. Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers:

51 – Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers.

Workers (i)n employment for pay are class(i)f(i)ed (i)nto the follow(i)ng groups:

G. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons:

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons.

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees.

D. Employees:

41 – Permanent employees.

42 – F(i)xed-term employees.

43 – Short-term and casual employees.

44 – Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns.

26. ICSE-18-R (i)s su(i)table for the prov(i)s(i)on of data for nat(i)onal accounts, for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of wage employment and (i)ts d(i)str(i)but(i)on, for the analys(i)s from the perspect(i)ve of econom(i)c r(i)sk of the (i)mpact of econom(i)c cycles and government on the labour market, and for the product(i)on and analys(i)s of stat(i)st(i)cs on wages, earn(i)ngs and labour costs.

Def(i)n(i)t(i)ons and explanatory notes for categor(i)es (i)n the two h(i)erarch(i)es of the Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment

A. Employers

27. Employers own the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they work and control (i)ts act(i)v(i)t(i)es on the(i)r own account or (i)n partnersh(i)p w(i)th others, and (i)n th(i)s capac(i)ty employ one or more persons ((i)nclud(i)ng temporar(i)ly absent employees but exclud(i)ng themselves, the(i)r partners and fam(i)ly helpers) to work as an employee on a regular bas(i)s. ‘On a regular bas(i)s’ should be (i)nterpreted as hav(i)ng at least one employee dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od and at least two of the three weeks (i)mmed(i)ately preced(i)ng the reference per(i)od. In stat(i)st(i)cs on employment, they (i)nclude:

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons.

12 – Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses.

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons

28. Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons are workers who are owner-operators of corporat(i)ons (i)n wh(i)ch they employ one or more persons ((i)nclud(i)ng temporar(i)ly absent employees but exclud(i)ng themselves, the(i)r partners and fam(i)ly helpers) to work as an employee on a regular bas(i)s.

12 – Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses

29. Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses are workers who, alone or w(i)th one or more partners, operate an un(i)ncorporated market enterpr(i)se for prof(i)t, and who, employ one or more persons ((i)nclud(i)ng temporar(i)ly absent employees but exclud(i)ng themselves, the(i)r partners and contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers) to work (i)n that enterpr(i)se as an employee on a regular bas(i)s. 

B. Independent workers w(i)thout employees

30. Independent workers w(i)thout employees operate an econom(i)c un(i)t alone or (i)n partnersh(i)p w(i)th others, and do not employ any persons other than themselves, the(i)r partners, and contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers to work (i)n the econom(i)c un(i)t on a regular bas(i)s as an employee. In stat(i)st(i)cs on employment they (i)nclude: 

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees.

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees

31. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees are workers who hold a job as owner-operator of a corporat(i)on (i)n wh(i)ch they do not employ any persons (other than themselves, the(i)r partners and contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers) to work (i)n the enterpr(i)se on a regular bas(i)s as an employee.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees

32. Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees are workers who operate an un(i)ncorporated market enterpr(i)se for prof(i)t, alone or w(i)th one or more partners or contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers, and do not employ any persons to work (i)n the enterpr(i)se on a regular bas(i)s as an employee. 

F. Independent workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses

33. Independent workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses are workers who operate an un(i)ncorporated market enterpr(i)se for prof(i)t, alone or w(i)th one or more partners or contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers. They may or may not be able to prov(i)de a complete set of accounts for the act(i)v(i)t(i)es of the enterpr(i)se. They (i)nclude:

12 – Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees.

G. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons

34. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons are workers who hold a job (i)n an (i)ncorporated enterpr(i)se (such as a l(i)m(i)ted l(i)ab(i)l(i)ty corporat(i)on or l(i)m(i)ted partnersh(i)p,) (i)n wh(i)ch they:

  • (a) hold controll(i)ng ownersh(i)p of the enterpr(i)se alone, or together w(i)th other members of the(i)r fam(i)l(i)es and/or one or a few partners; and
  • (b) have the author(i)ty to act on behalf of the enterpr(i)se w(i)th respect to contracts w(i)th other organ(i)zat(i)ons and the h(i)r(i)ng and d(i)sm(i)ssal of employees, subject to nat(i)onal leg(i)slat(i)on regulat(i)ng such matters and the rules establ(i)shed by the elected or appo(i)nted board of the corporat(i)on.

“Controll(i)ng ownersh(i)p” should be (i)nterpreted as hav(i)ng a dec(i)s(i)ve vote or veto on the appo(i)nted or elected board of the corporat(i)on or (i)n meet(i)ngs of shareholders, rather than necessar(i)ly hold(i)ng an absolute major(i)ty of the shares.

35. Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons (i)nclude:

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons.

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees.

C. Dependent contractors

36. Dependent contractors are workers who have contractual arrangements of a commerc(i)al nature to prov(i)de goods or serv(i)ces for or on behalf of another econom(i)c un(i)t, are not employees of that econom(i)c un(i)t, but are dependent on that un(i)t for organ(i)zat(i)on and execut(i)on of the work or for access to the market. 

37. For the purposes of stat(i)st(i)cal measurement, dependent contractors are def(i)ned as workers employed for prof(i)t, who are dependent on another ent(i)ty that exerc(i)ses expl(i)c(i)t or (i)mpl(i)c(i)t control over the(i)r product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es and d(i)rectly benef(i)ts from the work performed by them. 

  • (a) The(i)r dependency may be of an operat(i)onal nature, through organ(i)zat(i)on of the work and/or of an econom(i)c nature such as through control over access to the market, the pr(i)ce for the goods produced or serv(i)ces prov(i)ded, or access to raw mater(i)als or cap(i)tal (i)tems. 
  • (b) The econom(i)c un(i)ts on wh(i)ch they depend may be market or non-market un(i)ts and (i)nclude corporat(i)ons, governments and non-prof(i)t (i)nst(i)tut(i)ons wh(i)ch benef(i)t from a share (i)n the proceeds of sales of goods or serv(i)ces produced by the dependent contractor, and/or benef(i)t when the work performed by dependent contractors may otherw(i)se be performed by (i)ts employees. 

38. Dependent contractors d(i)splay one or more of the follow(i)ng character(i)st(i)cs wh(i)ch may be relevant for the(i)r (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on (i)n stat(i)st(i)cal collect(i)ons, depend(i)ng on the nat(i)onal context: 

  • (a) the(i)r work (i)s organ(i)zed or superv(i)sed by another econom(i)c un(i)t as a cl(i)ent, or as an ent(i)ty that med(i)ates access to cl(i)ents; 
  • (b) the mode of payment (i)s by way of a commerc(i)al transact(i)on;
  • (c) the pr(i)ce pa(i)d for the goods produced or serv(i)ces prov(i)ded (i)s determ(i)ned by the cl(i)ent or an (i)ntermed(i)ary;
  • (d) access to raw mater(i)als, equ(i)pment or cap(i)tal (i)tems (i)s controlled by the cl(i)ent or an (i)ntermed(i)ary;
  • (e) the(i)r actual work(i)ng arrangements or cond(i)t(i)ons may closely resemble those of employees;
  • (f) the ent(i)ty on wh(i)ch the worker (i)s dependent does not w(i)thhold (i)ncome tax for the worker;
  • (g) the worker (i)s respons(i)ble for arrang(i)ng h(i)s or her own soc(i)al (i)nsurance and other soc(i)al contr(i)but(i)ons.

39. Excluded from dependent contractors are workers who:

  • (a) have a contract of employment (formal, (i)nformal, or (i)mpl(i)c(i)t) w(i)th the ent(i)ty on wh(i)ch they are dependent;
  • (b) are pa(i)d for t(i)me worked;
  • (c) employ one or more other persons to work for them on a regular bas(i)s as an employee; or
  • (d) operate an (i)ncorporated enterpr(i)se. 

40. Two subgroups of dependent contractors may be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed (i)f feas(i)ble and relevant (i)n the nat(i)onal context: 

  • (a) workers who prov(i)de the(i)r labour to others but have contractual arrangements correspond(i)ng to those of self-employment; and 
  • (b) workers who have comm(i)tted s(i)gn(i)f(i)cant f(i)nanc(i)al or mater(i)al assets to the un(i)ncorporated enterpr(i)se wh(i)ch they own and operate, but do not have full control or author(i)ty over the(i)r work or the act(i)v(i)t(i)es of the enterpr(i)se. 

41. Ident(i)f(i)cat(i)on of the two subgroups of dependent contractors requ(i)res add(i)t(i)onal (i)nformat(i)on on the nature of the f(i)nanc(i)al or mater(i)al resources comm(i)tted by the worker.

D. Employees

42. Employees are workers employed for pay, on a formal or (i)nformal bas(i)s, who do not hold controll(i)ng ownersh(i)p of the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they are employed. They are remunerated (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd (i)n return for t(i)me worked or, (i)n some cases, for each task or p(i)ece of work done or for serv(i)ces prov(i)ded (i)nclud(i)ng sales (by the p(i)ece or comm(i)ss(i)on). Payment for t(i)me worked (i)s the typ(i)cal mode of remunerat(i)on. Payment (i)n k(i)nd (i)s generally rece(i)ved (i)n the form of goods. Where payment (i)s rece(i)ved (i)n the form of serv(i)ces, th(i)s (i)s generally complementary to payment (i)n cash. 

43. Employees may be employed (i)n market un(i)ts, non-market un(i)ts and households produc(i)ng goods and/or serv(i)ces ma(i)nly for own consumpt(i)on. They may hold shares (i)n the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch they are employed, or have author(i)ty over aspects of the operat(i)ons of the econom(i)c un(i)t as employees w(i)th management respons(i)b(i)l(i)t(i)es but do not hold controll(i)ng ownersh(i)p of the enterpr(i)se. They are accountable to a th(i)rd party w(i)th(i)n the econom(i)c un(i)t such as a person or board. 

44. Employees (i)nclude the follow(i)ng spec(i)f(i)c groups among others:

  • (a) workers who have been engaged on terms correspond(i)ng to those of pa(i)d employment when the employ(i)ng organ(i)zat(i)on has entered (i)nto a contract only w(i)th an (i)ntermed(i)ary such as a crew leader or organ(i)z(i)ng agent, and not w(i)th the (i)nd(i)v(i)dual worker; and
  • (b) worker-members of cooperat(i)ves who are pa(i)d for t(i)me worked or for each task or p(i)ece of work done.

45. Employees exclude workers who are pa(i)d accord(i)ng to a commerc(i)al contract for the prov(i)s(i)on of goods or serv(i)ces.

46. Employees may be further d(i)saggregated accord(i)ng to the nature of the contractual arrangements for employment, the degree of permanency of the employment relat(i)onsh(i)p and the stab(i)l(i)ty of the work(i)ng t(i)me ava(i)lable to the employee, to form the follow(i)ng groups: 

41 – Permanent employees.

42 – F(i)xed-term employees.

43 – Short-term and casual employees.

44 – Pa(i)d tra(i)nees, apprent(i)ces and (i)nterns.

41 – Permanent employees

47. Permanent employees are employees who are guaranteed a m(i)n(i)mum number of hours of work and are employed on an ongo(i)ng or (i)ndef(i)n(i)te bas(i)s. They are full-t(i)me or part-t(i)me workers employed for pay, (i)n formal or (i)nformal jobs, who have employment arrangements whereby:

  • (a) there (i)s no spec(i)f(i)ed date or event on wh(i)ch the employment w(i)ll be term(i)nated other than any age or t(i)me for ret(i)rement that may apply (i)n the econom(i)c un(i)t concerned;
  • (b) the employer agrees to prov(i)de work and pay for a spec(i)f(i)ed number of hours or to pay for the number of goods or serv(i)ces produced (i)n a set per(i)od; and
  • (c) the worker agrees to work for at least the spec(i)f(i)ed number of hours, or for the t(i)me requ(i)red to produce a spec(i)f(i)ed number of goods or serv(i)ces.

42 – F(i)xed-term employees

48. F(i)xed-term employees are employees who are guaranteed a m(i)n(i)mum number of hours of work and are employed on a t(i)me-l(i)m(i)ted bas(i)s for a per(i)od of three months or more. They are full-t(i)me or partt(i)me workers employed for pay, (i)n formal or (i)nformal jobs, who have arrangements whereby:

  • (a) there (i)s a spec(i)f(i)ed date, other than any age or t(i)me for ret(i)rement, on wh(i)ch the employment w(i)ll be term(i)nated, or an event such as the end of the harvest or complet(i)on of a construct(i)on or other project, wh(i)ch w(i)ll lead to term(i)nat(i)on of employment;
  • (b) the total durat(i)on of the employment (i)s expected to be at least three months from the f(i)rst day of employment to the expected f(i)nal day of employment;
  • (c) the employer agrees to prov(i)de work and pay for a spec(i)f(i)ed number of hours, or to pay for the number of goods or serv(i)ces produced, (i)n a set per(i)od; and
  • (d) the worker agrees to work for at least the spec(i)f(i)ed number of hours, or for the t(i)me requ(i)red to produce a spec(i)f(i)ed number of goods or serv(i)ces.

49. F(i)xed-term employees (i)nclude:

  • (a) employees w(i)th f(i)xed-term contracts of employment w(i)th a durat(i)on of three months or more; and
  • (b) employees w(i)thout formal arrangements or contracts when (i)t (i)s understood that the employment w(i)ll have a durat(i)on of at least three months but not of an (i)ndef(i)n(i)te nature.

50. Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns w(i)th f(i)xed-term employment arrangements are excluded from th(i)s group. 

43 – Short-term and casual employees

51. Short-term and casual employees are employees w(i)th short-term employment arrangements and/or w(i)thout a guaranteed m(i)n(i)mum number of hours of work per pay per(i)od. They are workers employed for pay, (i)n formal or (i)nformal jobs, who have arrangements whereby:

  • (a) there (i)s no guarantee to offer work or to perform work dur(i)ng a set per(i)od; or 
  • (b) the arrangement (i)s of a short-term nature, w(i)th a durat(i)on of less than three months from the f(i)rst day of employment to the expected f(i)nal day of employment.

52. Th(i)s category (i)ncludes two groups wh(i)ch may be separately (i)dent(i)f(i)ed (i)f relevant (i)n nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances: short-term employees and casual and (i)nterm(i)ttent employees:

  • (a) short-term employees are those who are guaranteed a m(i)n(i)mum number of hours of work and are employed on a t(i)me-l(i)m(i)ted bas(i)s w(i)th an expected durat(i)on of less than three months. They (i)nclude:
    • ((i) ) employees w(i)th contracts of employment w(i)th a durat(i)on of less than three months; 
    • ((i)(i)) employees w(i)thout formal arrangements or contracts when (i)t (i)s understood that the employment w(i)ll be of a durat(i)on of less than three months; and
  • (b) casual and (i)nterm(i)ttent employees are those who have no guarantee of employment for a certa(i)n number of hours dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed per(i)od but may have arrangements of an ongo(i)ng or recurr(i)ng nature. Depend(i)ng on nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances and spec(i)f(i)c contractual arrangements perta(i)n(i)ng to the job, th(i)s group (i)ncludes employees engaged on a casual or (i)nterm(i)ttent bas(i)s, workers on zero-hours contracts, employees who are only pa(i)d when called (i)n to work, and workers h(i)red on a day-to-day bas(i)s.

53. Unless the total durat(i)on of the employment arrangement (i)s less than three months, short-term and casual employees exclude: 

  • (a) workers w(i)th on-call work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements who are guaranteed a spec(i)f(i)ed amount of employment per pay per(i)od; and 
  • (b) workers who are guaranteed to be offered work and to be pa(i)d for at least one hour per week. 

44 – Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns

54. Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns are employees who perform any act(i)v(i)ty to produce goods or prov(i)de serv(i)ces for others, (i)n order to acqu(i)re workplace exper(i)ence or sk(i)lls (i)n a trade or profess(i)on and rece(i)ve payment (i)n return for work performed. Acqu(i)r(i)ng “workplace exper(i)ence or sk(i)lls” may occur through trad(i)t(i)onal, formal or (i)nformal arrangements whether or not a spec(i)f(i)c qual(i)f(i)cat(i)on or cert(i)f(i)cat(i)on (i)s (i)ssued. They are usually remunerated at a reduced rate compared to fully qual(i)f(i)ed workers. They (i)nclude persons (i)nvolved (i)n:

  • (a) pa(i)d formal or (i)nformal tra(i)neesh(i)ps, apprent(i)cesh(i)ps, (i)nternsh(i)ps or other types of programmes, accord(i)ng to nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances; and
  • (b) pa(i)d sk(i)lls tra(i)n(i)ng or retra(i)n(i)ng schemes w(i)th(i)n employment promot(i)on programmes, when engaged (i)n the product(i)on process of the econom(i)c un(i)t for wh(i)ch they work.

55. They exclude workers who are: 

  • (a) undergo(i)ng per(i)ods of probat(i)on assoc(i)ated w(i)th the start of a job; 
  • (b) undertak(i)ng general on-the-job tra(i)n(i)ng or l(i)fe-long learn(i)ng wh(i)le (i)n employment; 
  • (c) work(i)ng w(i)thout pay; and
  • (d) contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers who are undertak(i)ng tra(i)n(i)ng wh(i)le work(i)ng (i)n an enterpr(i)se operated by a fam(i)ly or household member. 

E. Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers

56. Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers ass(i)st a fam(i)ly member or household member (i)n a market-or(i)ented enterpr(i)se operated by the fam(i)ly or household member, or (i)n a job (i)n wh(i)ch the ass(i)sted fam(i)ly or household member (i)s an employee or dependent contractor. They do not rece(i)ve regular payments, such as a wage or salary, (i)n return for the work performed, but may benef(i)t (i)n k(i)nd or rece(i)ve (i)rregular payments (i)n cash as a result of the outputs of the(i)r work through fam(i)ly or (i)ntra-household transfers, der(i)ved from the prof(i)ts of the enterpr(i)se or from the (i)ncome of the other person. They do not make the most (i)mportant dec(i)s(i)ons affect(i)ng the enterpr(i)se or have respons(i)b(i)l(i)ty for (i)t.

Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (ICSaW-18)

57. The Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (ICSaW-18) prov(i)des an organ(i)z(i)ng framework for stat(i)st(i)cs class(i)f(i)ed by status at work from var(i)ous sources. It (i)s not expected that all of (i)ts categor(i)es w(i)ll be collected w(i)th the same frequency or used for the presentat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs from any part(i)cular source. It covers all jobs and work act(i)v(i)t(i)es (i)n all forms of work, (i)nclud(i)ng own-use product(i)on work, employment, unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work, volunteer work and other forms of work. It compr(i)ses, at (i)ts most deta(i)led level, 20 mutually exclus(i)ve categor(i)es, def(i)ned on the bas(i)s of the type of author(i)ty that the worker (i)s able to exerc(i)se and the type of econom(i)c r(i)sk to wh(i)ch he or she (i)s exposed (i)n a part(i)cular job or work act(i)v(i)ty. 

58. The deta(i)led status at work categor(i)es may be aggregated, based on the type of author(i)ty exerc(i)sed by the worker, to form e(i)ght broad groups wh(i)ch may be further aggregated to form a d(i)chotomy between (i)ndependent workers and dependent workers, accord(i)ng to the follow(i)ng h(i)erarchy.

Independent workers

1. Employers:

11 – Employers (i)n corporat(i)ons.

12 – Employers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses.

13 – Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

14 – Employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

2. Independent workers w(i)thout employees:

21 – Owner-operators of corporat(i)ons w(i)thout employees.

22 – Own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees.

23 – Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees.

24 – Independent workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods w(i)thout employees.

25 – D(i)rect volunteers.

Dependent workers

3. Dependent contractors:

30 – Dependent contractors.

4. Employees:

41 – Permanent employees.

42 – F(i)xed-term employees.

43 – Short-term and casual employees.

44 – Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns.

5. Fam(i)ly helpers:

51 – Contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers.

52 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

53 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

6. Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers:

60 – Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers.

7. Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers:

70 – Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers.

9. Other unpa(i)d workers:

90 – Other unpa(i)d workers.

59. Each of the deta(i)led status at work groups (i)n ICSaW-18 relates to only one form of work. The groups that relate to employment have the same def(i)n(i)t(i)ons as (i)n ICSE-18. The aggregate groups that (i)nclude both employment and other forms of work, have a broader scope (i)n ICSaW-18 than (i)n ICSE-18-A and (i)n some cases are ass(i)gned a d(i)fferent name.

60. Subsets of the deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18 may be used to present stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps (i)n own-use product(i)on work, employment, volunteer work, ch(i)ld labour and t(i)me-use on a conceptually cons(i)stent bas(i)s, regardless of the scope and source of the stat(i)st(i)cs. The categor(i)es for own-use product(i)on work and volunteer work may be aggregated accord(i)ng to the form of work as follows:

(a) Workers (i)n own-use product(i)on:

((i) )Workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces:

13 – Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

23 – Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees.

52 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

((i)(i)) Workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods:

14 – Employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

24 – Independent workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods w(i)thout employees.

52 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

(b) Volunteer workers:

25 – D(i)rect volunteers.

70 – Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers.

Def(i)n(i)t(i)ons of the categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18 that are not (i)ncluded (i)n ICSE-18

13 – Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces

61. Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces are workers who perform any act(i)v(i)ty to prov(i)de serv(i)ces ma(i)nly for own f(i)nal use and employ one or more persons ((i)nclud(i)ng temporar(i)ly absent employees but exclud(i)ng other members of the(i)r household) on a regular bas(i)s as a domest(i)c employee. 

14 – Employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods

62. Employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods are workers who perform any act(i)v(i)ty to produce goods for own f(i)nal use and employ one or more persons on a regular bas(i)s (i)n return for payment (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd ((i)nclud(i)ng temporar(i)ly absent employees but exclud(i)ng other members of the(i)r household) to produce goods ma(i)nly for consumpt(i)on by the employer’s own household. A part or surplus of the goods (i)ntended ma(i)nly for own consumpt(i)on may be sold or bartered. 

23 – Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees

63. Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees are workers who perform any act(i)v(i)ty to prov(i)de serv(i)ces for own f(i)nal use, but do not employ any persons to work on a regular bas(i)s as a domest(i)c employee.

24 – Independent workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods w(i)thout employees

64. Independent workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods w(i)thout employees are workers who, on the(i)r own account or w(i)th one or more partners, perform any act(i)v(i)ty to produce goods for own f(i)nal use who do not employ any persons on a regular bas(i)s to produce goods for pay (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd. A part or surplus of the goods (i)ntended ma(i)nly for own consumpt(i)on may be sold or bartered.

25 – D(i)rect volunteers

65. D(i)rect volunteers are workers who, on the(i)r own account or (i)n partnersh(i)p w(i)th others, and (i)ndependently of any organ(i)zat(i)on or commun(i)ty group, perform any unpa(i)d, non-compulsory act(i)v(i)ty to produce goods or prov(i)de serv(i)ces for other households. Excluded from th(i)s group are workers who produce goods or serv(i)ces for consumpt(i)on by members of the worker’s own household or fam(i)ly.

5. Fam(i)ly helpers

66. Fam(i)ly helpers are workers who ass(i)st a fam(i)ly or household member (i)n the product(i)on of goods or prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces for household consumpt(i)on, (i)n a market-or(i)ented enterpr(i)se operated by that person, or (i)n a job held by that person as an employee or dependent contractor. They do not make the most (i)mportant dec(i)s(i)ons affect(i)ng the econom(i)c un(i)t and do not have respons(i)b(i)l(i)ty for (i)t. They may benef(i)t from the outputs of the(i)r work (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd through (i)ntra-household transfers but do not rece(i)ve an agreed wage or salary. 

52 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces

67. Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces ass(i)st a fam(i)ly or household member (i)n the prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces for household consumpt(i)on. 

53 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods

68. Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods ass(i)st a fam(i)ly or household member (i)n the product(i)on of goods for household consumpt(i)on. 

6. Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers

69. Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers are persons (i)n unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work as def(i)ned (i)n the most recent (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal standards concern(i)ng work, employment and labour underut(i)l(i)zat(i)on (Currently the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on 1, paragraphs 33 to 35).

7. Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers

70. Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers are workers who perform any unpa(i)d non-compulsory act(i)v(i)t(i)es to produce goods or prov(i)de serv(i)ces for others through or for any type of organ(i)zat(i)on or commun(i)ty group, (i)nclud(i)ng market and non-market un(i)ts. 

  • (a) Included (i)n th(i)s group are workers who produce goods or prov(i)de serv(i)ces for others through or for self-help, mutual a(i)d, or commun(i)ty-based groups. 
  • (b) Excluded from th(i)s group are:
    • ((i) ) unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers;
    • ((i)(i)) workers perform(i)ng unpa(i)d compulsory act(i)v(i)t(i)es;
    • ((i)(i)(i)) d(i)rect volunteers.

9. Other unpa(i)d workers

71. Other unpa(i)d workers are workers who cannot be class(i)f(i)ed (i)n any other groups (i)n the Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work. They (i)nclude workers perform(i)ng act(i)v(i)t(i)es such as unpa(i)d commun(i)ty serv(i)ce and unpa(i)d work by pr(i)soners, when ordered by a court or s(i)m(i)lar author(i)ty, and unpa(i)d m(i)l(i)tary or c(i)v(i)l(i)an serv(i)ce. 

Cross-cutt(i)ng var(i)ables and categor(i)es

72. To prov(i)de complete and coherent stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps, (i)nformat(i)on (i)s needed on character(i)st(i)cs of jobs and work act(i)v(i)t(i)es that are not measured (i)n the class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons of status at work and status (i)n employment. Th(i)s (i)nformat(i)on should be presented through a set of var(i)ables and categor(i)es based on character(i)st(i)cs assoc(i)ated w(i)th the degree of r(i)sk, stab(i)l(i)ty and permanence of a part(i)cular employment or work arrangement and prov(i)de def(i)n(i)t(i)ons for s(i)tuat(i)ons that may be represented (i)n several categor(i)es of the class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons by status. They may be used for the generat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs (i)n the(i)r own r(i)ght, or comb(i)ned (i)n output w(i)th relevant status categor(i)es to construct output class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons relevant for nat(i)onal purposes. 

73. The follow(i)ng cross-cutt(i)ng var(i)ables are requ(i)red to comp(i)le stat(i)st(i)cs on the deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSE-18: 

  • (a) durat(i)on of work agreement;
  • (b) type of employment agreement;
  • (c) contractual hours of work;
  • (d) forms of remunerat(i)on.

74. Wh(i)le not requ(i)red for the comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on status (i)n employment, the follow(i)ng var(i)ables and categor(i)es are essent(i)al for the comp(i)lat(i)on of coherent stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps or for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of (i)mportant groups of (i)nterest:

  • (a) durat(i)on of employment (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t;
  • (b) hours usually worked;
  • (c) full-t(i)me/part-t(i)me status;
  • (d) reason for non-permanence of job;
  • (e) preference or not for a non-permanent job;
  • (f) seasonal workers;
  • (g) type of workplace;
  • (h) domest(i)c workers;
  • ((i) ) home-based workers;
  • (j) mult(i)-party work relat(i)onsh(i)ps;
  • (k) job-dependent soc(i)al protect(i)on coverage;
  • (l) pa(i)d annual leave;
  • (m) pa(i)d s(i)ck leave.

75. The follow(i)ng add(i)t(i)onal cross-cutt(i)ng var(i)ables and categor(i)es are recommended:

  • (a) number of employees (i)n the econom(i)c un(i)t (i)n wh(i)ch the worker (i)s employed;
  • (b) ma(i)n form of remunerat(i)on;
  • (c) reasons for preferr(i)ng a non-permanent job.

Durat(i)on of the job or work act(i)v(i)ty

76. S(i)nce many of the deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSE-18 (i)nclude jobs wh(i)ch d(i)ffer s(i)gn(i)f(i)cantly (i)n the(i)r capac(i)ty to prov(i)de ongo(i)ng and full employment, stat(i)st(i)cs class(i)f(i)ed by status (i)n employment, and part(i)cularly the subcategor(i)es of employees, should be complemented by (i)nformat(i)on on both the durat(i)on of the work arrangement. Two var(i)ables on the durat(i)on of the job or work act(i)v(i)ty are necessary to prov(i)de a full understand(i)ng of the temporal stab(i)l(i)ty of work relat(i)onsh(i)ps and to assess the extent to wh(i)ch workers w(i)thout permanent employment relat(i)onsh(i)ps have ongo(i)ng employment and (i)ncome secur(i)ty. These are Durat(i)on of work agreement and Durat(i)on of employment (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t.

Durat(i)on of work agreement

77. Durat(i)on of work agreement refers to the per(i)od of t(i)me from the beg(i)nn(i)ng to the end of a wr(i)tten or oral work contract, or (i)n the absence of a contract spec(i)fy(i)ng the durat(i)on, to the date on wh(i)ch (i)t (i)s expected the employment w(i)ll term(i)nate. If the agreement does not spec(i)fy the durat(i)on of the employment and there (i)s no expected date or event on wh(i)ch the employment w(i)ll term(i)nate, other than the age or t(i)me for ret(i)rement, the durat(i)on (i)s cons(i)dered to be “w(i)thout stated l(i)m(i)t of t(i)me”. Th(i)s var(i)able (i)s requ(i)red for the der(i)vat(i)on of the subcategor(i)es of employees but may also apply to unpa(i)d tra(i)nees and volunteers. 

78. When a worker has had a ser(i)es of ongo(i)ng renewed temporary contracts w(i)th the same econom(i)c un(i)t, the durat(i)on of work agreement should be based on the durat(i)on of the current (most recent) contract. 

Durat(i)on of employment (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t

79. Durat(i)on of employment (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t refers to the t(i)me elapsed s(i)nce the worker started work w(i)th a part(i)cular econom(i)c un(i)t and can be appl(i)ed to all statuses (i)n employment. It prov(i)des a measure of the stab(i)l(i)ty and cont(i)nu(i)ty of employment, (i)nclud(i)ng (i)n cases where a worker has had a ser(i)es of contracts w(i)th the same econom(i)c un(i)t. The concept of the durat(i)on of work (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t can also be appl(i)ed to act(i)v(i)t(i)es (i)n forms of work other than employment.

80. When a worker has had a ser(i)es of renewed temporary engagements w(i)th the same econom(i)c un(i)t, the durat(i)on of employment (i)n that econom(i)c un(i)t should be based on the total durat(i)on s(i)nce the f(i)rst engagement, unless the gap between engagements was one month or longer. In some spec(i)al cases, for example when subst(i)tute or probat(i)onary teachers are typ(i)cally engaged from the beg(i)nn(i)ng to the end of the school year, a longer gap of up to three months may be appl(i)ed. 

81. When a worker has been transferred between d(i)fferent establ(i)shments or locat(i)ons w(i)th(i)n an enterpr(i)se, or enterpr(i)se group, or between d(i)fferent m(i)n(i)str(i)es or departments w(i)th(i)n the same government, durat(i)on (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t should be based on the h(i)ghest level (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal un(i)t cons(i)dered as a s(i)ngle econom(i)c un(i)t. For workers employed through agenc(i)es, for example (i)n mult(i)-party employment arrangements, the durat(i)on of employment should be w(i)th the agency not the cl(i)ent of the agency. 

Categor(i)es for the presentat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on durat(i)on of the job or work act(i)v(i)ty

82. The follow(i)ng categor(i)es should be (i)ncluded (i)n standard stat(i)st(i)cal outputs for the two var(i)ables descr(i)b(i)ng the durat(i)on of the job or work act(i)v(i)ty: 

  • less than one month;
  • one to less than three months;
  • three to less than s(i)x months;
  • s(i)x to less than 12 months;
  • 12 to less than 18 months;
  • 18 to less than 24 months;
  • 24 to less than 36 months;
  • three years or more;
  • w(i)thout stated l(i)m(i)t of t(i)me.

83. The category for “w(i)thout stated l(i)m(i)t of t(i)me” should also be (i)ncluded (i)n data collect(i)on and stat(i)st(i)cal outputs on durat(i)on of work agreement. To fac(i)l(i)tate analys(i)s of the data collected, (i)t (i)s preferable to collect (i)nformat(i)on for the durat(i)on var(i)ables us(i)ng quest(i)ons that do not (i)nclude pre-def(i)ned categor(i)es other than “w(i)thout stated l(i)m(i)t of t(i)me”. 

Work(i)ng t(i)me

84. Informat(i)on on full-t(i)me/part-t(i)me status, hours usually worked, and contractual hours of work should be collected (i)n accordance w(i)th the most recent (i)nternat(i)onal standards for stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me (currently the 18th ICLS Resolut(i)on concern(i)ng the measurement of work(i)ng t(i)me). Informat(i)on on contractual hours of work (i)s requ(i)red to determ(i)ne whether employees have arrangements that prov(i)de a guaranteed m(i)n(i)mum number of hours of work and (i)s essent(i)al for der(i)vat(i)on of the subcategor(i)es of employees.

Reasons for non-permanent employment

85. Employment of a temporary or casual nature may be assoc(i)ated w(i)th character(i)st(i)cs of the job or of the labour market, the preference of the person, and the need for the person to balance employment w(i)th other respons(i)b(i)l(i)t(i)es. Stat(i)st(i)cs on these d(i)fferent d(i)mens(i)ons of non-permanent employment may be comp(i)led us(i)ng the follow(i)ng three var(i)ables:

  • Reason for non-permanence of job.
  • Preference or not for a non-permanent job.
  • Reasons for preferr(i)ng a non-permanent job.

86. Reason for non-permanence of job refers to the character(i)st(i)cs of the job that are reasons for (i)t be(i)ng of a temporary or casual nature. These stat(i)st(i)cs should be collected for all jobs of employees other than permanent employees. Such stat(i)st(i)cs should also be collected for dependent contractors (i)f relevant for nat(i)onal purposes. Depend(i)ng on the measurement approach, (i)nformat(i)on on the reason for non-permanence of job may be used to (i)dent(i)fy both seasonal jobs and pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns.

87. Stat(i)st(i)cal outputs on reason for non-permanence of job should (i)nclude at least the follow(i)ng categor(i)es:

  • seasonal work;
  • tra(i)nee, apprent(i)cesh(i)p or (i)nternsh(i)p;
  • subst(i)tute work;
  • complet(i)on of a project;
  • employment creat(i)on programme;
  • per(i)od of serv(i)ce requ(i)red before permanent contract granted;
  • other reasons.

Reasons such as “usual (i)n (i)ndustry or occupat(i)on” are (i)ncluded (i)n the category “other reasons” but could be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed separately (i)f relevant (i)n the nat(i)onal context.

88. Stat(i)st(i)cs on whether non-permanent employment (i)s the person’s preference should be comp(i)led as a separate var(i)able: Preference or not for a non-permanent job. Th(i)s refers to whether the person took a non-permanent job because he or she d(i)d not want a permanent job. 

89. Stat(i)st(i)cs on the reasons for preferr(i)ng a non-permanent job refer to the s(i)tuat(i)on of the person wh(i)ch may have resulted (i)n the preference for tak(i)ng a non-permanent job. They may be comp(i)led when relevant for nat(i)onal purposes. Such reasons may (i)nclude among others:

  • comb(i)n(i)ng employment w(i)th educat(i)on;
  • comb(i)n(i)ng employment w(i)th a pens(i)on;
  • comb(i)n(i)ng employment w(i)th unpa(i)d care for ch(i)ldren;
  • comb(i)n(i)ng employment w(i)th other fam(i)ly respons(i)b(i)l(i)t(i)es.

Type of employment agreement

90. A var(i)able type of employment agreement (i)s needed to prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on on whether an employee has a wr(i)tten contract or an oral agreement. A quest(i)on on type of employment agreement (i)s requ(i)red for sequenc(i)ng quest(i)ons and also prov(i)des an (i)nd(i)cat(i)on of the stab(i)l(i)ty of the arrangement. 

91. Type of employment agreement should not be used d(i)rectly to measure (i)nformal(i)ty, s(i)nce workers w(i)th oral agreements can be subject to soc(i)al protect(i)on, and workers w(i)th wr(i)tten contracts may or may not meet the cr(i)ter(i)a for formal(i)ty. 

92. At a m(i)n(i)mum, categor(i)es for “wr(i)tten contract” and “oral agreement” should be used (i)n stat(i)st(i)cal outputs. Stat(i)st(i)cs (i)nd(i)cat(i)ng whether the agreement (i)s collect(i)ve or (i)nd(i)v(i)dual should also be comp(i)led from relevant stat(i)st(i)cal sources. 

Form of remunerat(i)on

93. Form of remunerat(i)on refers to the bas(i)s on wh(i)ch a worker (i)s pa(i)d, rather than to the form of payment (e.g. cash or (i)n k(i)nd). It should spec(i)fy the (i)nformat(i)on relevant to understand the nature of the employment relat(i)onsh(i)p, but not necessar(i)ly other aspects of remunerat(i)on. The var(i)able “forms of remunerat(i)on” (i)s requ(i)red to ass(i)st w(i)th (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of the status (i)n employment categor(i)es and should (i)nclude (i)nformat(i)on about all forms of remunerat(i)on rece(i)ved by the worker (i)n a part(i)cular job. A separate recommended var(i)able on “ma(i)n form of remunerat(i)on” prov(i)des add(i)t(i)onal (i)nformat(i)on that may be collected by add(i)ng an add(i)t(i)onal quest(i)on. 

94. At a m(i)n(i)mum, the follow(i)ng categor(i)es are needed:

  • for t(i)me worked;
  • by the p(i)ece;
  • comm(i)ss(i)on;
  • fee for serv(i)ces;
  • determ(i)ned by prof(i)t or loss;
  • t(i)ps from cl(i)ents;
  • other.

Seasonal workers

95. Seasonal workers are those w(i)th jobs or work act(i)v(i)t(i)es whose t(i)m(i)ng and durat(i)on are s(i)gn(i)f(i)cantly (i)nfluenced by seasonal factors such as cl(i)mat(i)c seasons, hol(i)days and agr(i)cultural preparat(i)ons or harvests. For non-permanent employees and dependent contractors, seasonal(i)ty should be measured as part of the reasons for non-permanent employment. For (i)ndependent workers and contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers, (i)nformat(i)on (i)s needed on whether the bus(i)ness operates all year round or only dur(i)ng a certa(i)n season of the year. When ongo(i)ng contracts for employment only at part(i)cular t(i)mes of the year are common (i)n a country or reg(i)on, (i)nformat(i)on about seasonal(i)ty may need to be collected us(i)ng ded(i)cated quest(i)ons for workers (i)n relevant (i)ndustr(i)es or occupat(i)ons. For accurate measurement of seasonal(i)ty, data collect(i)on (i)s requ(i)red at d(i)fferent t(i)mes dur(i)ng the year, cover(i)ng all act(i)ve and (i)nact(i)ve seasons. 

Type of workplace

96. Type of workplace prov(i)des (i)nformat(i)on on the type of locat(i)on where the work (i)s usually performed. When work (i)s regularly performed (i)n more than one type of locat(i)on, th(i)s var(i)able should be based on the ma(i)n type. Thus, (i)f a worker teleworks from home on an occas(i)onal bas(i)s, but spends most work(i)ng t(i)me at the employer’s prem(i)ses, the ma(i)n type of workplace should be the employer’s prem(i)ses. 

97. Informat(i)on on type of workplace (i)s needed to (i)dent(i)fy workers such as home-based workers, domest(i)c workers and workers (i)n mult(i)-party employment relat(i)onsh(i)ps. For workers (i)n mult(i)-party work relat(i)onsh(i)ps the type of workplace recorded should be the place where the work (i)s actually performed, not the employer’s place of work, for example (i)n the case of those work(i)ng for temporary employment agenc(i)es In some contexts, (i)nformat(i)on on the type of workplace (i)s relevant for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of dependent contractors. As a var(i)able (i)n (i)ts own r(i)ght (i)t (i)s relevant for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of workers whose place of work may expose them to r(i)sk, such as on the street, or of home-based workers of all employment statuses. 

98. Stat(i)st(i)cs on the follow(i)ng categor(i)es are requ(i)red at a m(i)n(i)mum to ass(i)st (i)n the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of the groups ment(i)oned above and for analys(i)s of employment relat(i)onsh(i)ps: 

  • own home (or area outs(i)de);
  • cl(i)ent’s or employer’s home;
  • employer’s workplace or s(i)te;
  • own bus(i)ness prem(i)ses;
  • own household farm;
  • cl(i)ent’s workplace or s(i)te;
  • water, a(i)r or land-based veh(i)cle;
  • door-to-door;
  • street or other publ(i)c space;
  • market;
  • no s(i)ngle type of locat(i)on;
  • other type of locat(i)on.

99. Countr(i)es may choose to add quest(i)ons or categor(i)es for the(i)r own analyt(i)cal purposes. Where there (i)s a need for (i)nformat(i)on on work through Internet platforms th(i)s should be captured as a separate var(i)able rather than as a category of place of work, wh(i)ch would refer to the type of place where the Internet (i)s usually accessed.

100. When the place of work (i)s a bus(i)ness prem(i)ses such as a reta(i)l shop or repa(i)r workshop attached to the res(i)dence but (i)s not an (i)ntegral part of the res(i)dence ((i)f, for example, (i)t has (i)ts own entrance) then the place of work should be cons(i)dered as bus(i)ness prem(i)ses. When the place of work (i)s a room or rooms w(i)th(i)n the res(i)dent(i)al prem(i)ses wh(i)ch would normally be used for res(i)dent(i)al purposes, the place of work should be cons(i)dered as “own home”. 

Domest(i)c workers

101. Domest(i)c work (i)s def(i)ned for stat(i)st(i)cal purposes as “all work performed (i)n or for a household or households to prov(i)de serv(i)ces ma(i)nly for consumpt(i)on by household members”. Domest(i)c work (i)s performed w(i)th payment made to employees of the household, to agenc(i)es that prov(i)de domest(i)c serv(i)ces to households and to self-employed domest(i)c serv(i)ce prov(i)ders. Domest(i)c work (i)s performed unpa(i)d by household members or by persons not res(i)d(i)ng (i)n the household, such as fam(i)ly members, ne(i)ghbours and volunteers. 

102. In stat(i)st(i)cs on employment, domest(i)c workers are def(i)ned as workers of any sex employed for pay or prof(i)t, (i)nclud(i)ng (i)n-k(i)nd payment, who perform work (i)n or for a household or households to prov(i)de serv(i)ces ma(i)nly for consumpt(i)on by the household. The work may be performed w(i)th(i)n the household prem(i)ses or (i)n other locat(i)ons.

103. Based on the stat(i)st(i)cal def(i)n(i)t(i)ons of domest(i)c work and domest(i)c workers, the follow(i)ng categor(i)es of domest(i)c workers (i)n employment may be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed:

  • domest(i)c employees, def(i)ned as all workers engaged d(i)rectly as employees of households to prov(i)de serv(i)ces ma(i)nly for consumpt(i)on by the household members, (i)rrespect(i)ve of the nature of the serv(i)ces prov(i)ded (i)nclud(i)ng:
  • (b) domest(i)c workers employed by serv(i)ce prov(i)ders; and
  • (c) domest(i)c serv(i)ce prov(i)ders employed for prof(i)t.

104. Workers (i)n employment who prov(i)de serv(i)ces w(i)th(i)n or for a household or households but are not employed d(i)rectly by a household, are cons(i)dered to be domest(i)c workers (i)f the nature of the work performed ma(i)nly compr(i)ses domest(i)c serv(i)ces such as clean(i)ng, ch(i)ldcare, personal care, food preparat(i)on, garden(i)ng, dr(i)v(i)ng and secur(i)ty.

105. Domest(i)c workers do not (i)nclude:

  • (a) workers employed for prof(i)t and employees of econom(i)c un(i)ts other than pr(i)vate households who prov(i)de serv(i)ces to households that are not cons(i)dered to be domest(i)c serv(i)ces, for example, serv(i)ces consumed by the household related to educat(i)onal tra(i)n(i)ng (home tu(i)t(i)on) or related to ma(i)ntenance and preservat(i)on of phys(i)cal goods of the dwell(i)ng such as electr(i)cal (i)nstallat(i)on and repa(i)r, plumb(i)ng, etc.; 
  • (b) workers who ma(i)nly prov(i)de serv(i)ces to household market enterpr(i)ses;
  • (c) workers who prov(i)de serv(i)ces frequently prov(i)ded by domest(i)c employees such as laundry, ch(i)ldcare and personal care, when the work (i)s performed (i)n the worker’s own prem(i)ses; however, (i)f the serv(i)ce (i)s prov(i)ded as part of a job (i)n wh(i)ch the worker (i)s engaged d(i)rectly as an employee of the household the worker (i)s class(i)f(i)ed as a domest(i)c employee.

106. Domest(i)c workers employed by serv(i)ce prov(i)ders are employees of econom(i)c un(i)ts such as agenc(i)es that prov(i)de domest(i)c serv(i)ces to households. Domest(i)c serv(i)ce prov(i)ders employed for prof(i)t prov(i)de domest(i)c serv(i)ces to pr(i)vate households as (i)ndependent workers or dependent contractors.

107. Domest(i)c employees may be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed (i)n stat(i)st(i)cal collect(i)ons when the econom(i)c act(i)v(i)ty of the(i)r employer (i)s equ(i)valent to ISIC Rev.4 D(i)v(i)s(i)on 97, Act(i)v(i)t(i)es of households as employers of domest(i)c personnel. Other domest(i)c workers may be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed (i)n stat(i)st(i)cal collect(i)ons (i)f the(i)r occupat(i)on (i)s one of those commonly held by domest(i)c employees, and the(i)r ma(i)n place of work (i)s the cl(i)ent’s res(i)dence. Analys(i)s of these occupat(i)ons by place of work may also allow the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of other workers not cons(i)dered to be domest(i)c workers, but who perform serv(i)ces frequently prov(i)ded by domest(i)c workers (such as laundry, ch(i)ldcare and personal care) (i)n sett(i)ngs such as the(i)r own home or workplace, or (i)n the workplace of agenc(i)es prov(i)d(i)ng such serv(i)ces.

Home-based workers

108. Home-based workers are workers whose ma(i)n place of work (i)s the(i)r own home. Among workers (i)n employment, they may be employers, (i)ndependent workers w(i)thout employees, dependent contractors, employees or contr(i)but(i)ng fam(i)ly workers.

Mult(i)-party work relat(i)onsh(i)ps

109. Mult(i)-party work relat(i)onsh(i)ps ex(i)st when a th(i)rd party (i)s (i)nvolved between a dependent worker and the enterpr(i)se for wh(i)ch the work (i)s performed. Workers (i)n th(i)s category may be employees of the th(i)rd-party enterpr(i)se or they may be dependent contractors whose access to raw mater(i)als, cl(i)ents or the market (i)s controlled by the th(i)rd party econom(i)c un(i)t. 

110. In the case of employees, mult(i)-party arrangements are med(i)ated by an enterpr(i)se that acts as the employer and makes the worker ava(i)lable, on a temporary or permanent bas(i)s, to work for another enterpr(i)se wh(i)le pay(i)ng the wage or salary of the employee. 

111. Two ma(i)n groups of employees w(i)th mult(i)-party employment arrangements can be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed: 

112. In some countr(i)es, a th(i)rd group may also be (i)dent(i)f(i)ed:

112. Labour h(i)re employees are suppl(i)ed by an agency to work for another enterpr(i)se under the superv(i)s(i)on of the user enterpr(i)se. They are engaged by pr(i)vate employment agenc(i)es, such as labour h(i)re agenc(i)es, temporary employment agenc(i)es, or other labour prov(i)ders (labour brokers, labour outsourc(i)ng agenc(i)es, labour despatchers, labour subcontractors), that supply and pay the workers but are not generally (i)nvolved (i)n superv(i)s(i)on of the work

113. Employees prov(i)d(i)ng outsourced serv(i)ces are engaged as employees by one enterpr(i)se to prov(i)de, on a regular bas(i)s, a spec(i)f(i)c serv(i)ce that the(i)r employer has contracted to prov(i)de to another enterpr(i)se or to a household, usually under the part(i)al superv(i)s(i)on of the cl(i)ent. The(i)r employers (i)nclude but are not l(i)m(i)ted to serv(i)ce prov(i)s(i)on agenc(i)es such as nurs(i)ng agenc(i)es, domest(i)c or off(i)ce clean(i)ng serv(i)ce prov(i)ders, secur(i)ty serv(i)ce prov(i)ders and (i)nformat(i)on technology serv(i)ces prov(i)ders. The employ(i)ng enterpr(i)se may superv(i)se some elements of the work and establ(i)sh standards of serv(i)ce, wh(i)le the cl(i)ent may also prov(i)de day-to-day superv(i)s(i)on over work performed. 

114. Workers (i)n employment promot(i)on schemes are workers prov(i)ded by a government agency and pa(i)d by that government agency to perform work for another econom(i)c un(i)t as part of a government-funded employment promot(i)on programme. Excluded from th(i)s group are workers who are requ(i)red to work as a cond(i)t(i)on of cont(i)nued rece(i)pt of soc(i)al benef(i)ts.

115. In all of these cases, the work (i)s not ma(i)nly performed at the prem(i)ses of the enterpr(i)se that pays the employee. The place of work (i)s usually the prem(i)ses of the cl(i)ent but may be some other place. 

116. In the case of dependent contractors, mult(i)-party work arrangements ex(i)st when an (i)ntermed(i)ary suppl(i)es raw mater(i)als and rece(i)ves the goods produced by the dependent contractors, or else access to cl(i)ents or work (i)s controlled by an (i)ntermed(i)ary, typ(i)cally us(i)ng the Internet. The dependent contractor may be pa(i)d d(i)rectly by the cl(i)ent, or payment may be rece(i)ved only through an (i)ntermed(i)ary that benef(i)ts from the work performed. 

Var(i)ables related to the measurement of (i)nformal employment relat(i)onsh(i)ps

117. Three var(i)ables related to the measurement of (i)nformal employment are requ(i)red to understand the degree of soc(i)al protect(i)on ava(i)lable to workers and the extent of econom(i)c r(i)sk to wh(i)ch they are exposed (i)n the event of absence from work:

  • (a) job-dependent soc(i)al protect(i)on;
  • (b) access to pa(i)d annual leave;
  • (c) access to pa(i)d s(i)ck leave.

118. These var(i)ables are useful to assess the (i)mpact of non-standard forms of employment on access to leave and soc(i)al protect(i)on. They are relevant for the (i)dent(i)f(i)cat(i)on of (i)nformal employment among employees but are not suff(i)c(i)ent for the comprehens(i)ve measurement of (i)nformal employment.

Job-dependent soc(i)al protect(i)on

119. Job-dependent soc(i)al protect(i)on prov(i)des (i)nformat(i)on on whether the person (i)s ent(i)tled to soc(i)al protect(i)on as the result of employment (i)n a part(i)cular job. It therefore excludes “un(i)versal” protect(i)on schemes that are not dependent on hold(i)ng a job. 

120. When measur(i)ng job-dependent soc(i)al protect(i)on, the nat(i)onal context and labour laws should be taken (i)nto account. Measurement may be based on one or more spec(i)f(i)c forms of soc(i)al protect(i)on (e.g., occupat(i)onal (i)njury (i)nsurance, old-age benef(i)ts, health (i)nsurance or unemployment (i)nsurance) depend(i)ng on the nat(i)onal context.

Access to pa(i)d annual leave

121. Access to pa(i)d annual leave refers to the worker’s ent(i)tlement and ab(i)l(i)ty to take pa(i)d t(i)me off granted by the employer or to be compensated for unused annual leave. The number of days granted by the employer may vary between countr(i)es but also w(i)th(i)n the same country (e.g. between d(i)fferent (i)ndustr(i)es and occupat(i)ons) depend(i)ng on nat(i)onal labour laws and regulat(i)ons. It (i)s not suff(i)c(i)ent to have a legal r(i)ght to pa(i)d annual leave (i)f the worker does not have access to (i)t (i)n pract(i)ce.

Access to pa(i)d s(i)ck leave

122. Access to pa(i)d s(i)ck leave refers to the worker’s ent(i)tlement and ab(i)l(i)ty to take pa(i)d leave from employment due to personal s(i)ckness or (i)njury. The pa(i)d s(i)ck leave should be dependent on the worker’s job and therefore excludes schemes that are not related to hav(i)ng a part(i)cular job. The number of days for wh(i)ch the worker can rece(i)ve payment dur(i)ng s(i)ckness or (i)njury may vary between countr(i)es but also w(i)th(i)n the same country depend(i)ng on nat(i)onal labour laws and regulat(i)ons. It (i)s not suff(i)c(i)ent to have a legal r(i)ght to pa(i)d s(i)ck leave (i)f the worker does not have access to (i)t (i)n pract(i)ce. 

Data sources and gu(i)del(i)nes for data collect(i)on

123. The standards for stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps descr(i)bed (i)n th(i)s resolut(i)on a(i)m to allow stat(i)st(i)cs on d(i)fferent types of product(i)ve act(i)v(i)ty to be comp(i)led (i)n a harmon(i)ous and comparable manner from d(i)fferent types of data source. They def(i)ne categor(i)es and var(i)ables for the presentat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cal outputs on an (i)nternat(i)onally comparable bas(i)s. The exact quest(i)ons and data collect(i)on methods used w(i)ll depend on the data sources. To fac(i)l(i)tate (i)nternat(i)onal comparab(i)l(i)ty of the stat(i)st(i)cs, data on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps should be collected on the bas(i)s of the most recent relevant data collect(i)on and methodolog(i)cal gu(i)del(i)nes released by the ILO.

124. The collect(i)on of data for ICSE-18 should follow the same frequency as the measurement of employment. The level of deta(i)l may vary depend(i)ng on the stat(i)st(i)cal source, and on descr(i)pt(i)ve and analyt(i)cal needs. Comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs accord(i)ng to ICSaW-18, or subsets of (i)t, w(i)ll be dependent on the ava(i)lab(i)l(i)ty and frequency of collect(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on the d(i)fferent forms of work. 

125. All sources that are used as the bas(i)s for stat(i)st(i)cs on employment are also potent(i)al sources when collect(i)ng the (i)nformat(i)on requ(i)red to comp(i)le stat(i)st(i)cs on the ten deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSE-18. D(i)fferent stat(i)st(i)cal sources have the(i)r advantages as well as d(i)sadvantages and can frequently be complementary to each other. 

126. Household and establ(i)shment-based surveys are (i)mportant sources of labour market stat(i)st(i)cs. In part(i)cular, household-based collect(i)ons such as labour force surveys w(i)ll be cr(i)t(i)cal sources of data for deta(i)led stat(i)st(i)cs class(i)f(i)ed by ICSE-18. 

127. Employment stat(i)st(i)cs may also be measured v(i)a other spec(i)al(i)zed household surveys such as those concerned w(i)th t(i)me-use, educat(i)on and tra(i)n(i)ng, l(i)v(i)ng standards, or household (i)ncome and expend(i)ture. In such cases (i)t would be appropr(i)ate to (i)nclude quest(i)ons des(i)gned to determ(i)ne status (i)n employment w(i)th a degree of deta(i)l that (i)s relevant for the analyt(i)cal requ(i)rements for the stat(i)st(i)cs. The nature of the quest(i)ons asked and the degree of deta(i)l would (i)n such cases need to reflect the feas(i)b(i)l(i)ty of data collect(i)on g(i)ven the l(i)m(i)tat(i)ons of the part(i)cular data source. 

128. S(i)nce the populat(i)on census (i)s an (i)mportant source of stat(i)st(i)cs on employment, there may be a need to class(i)fy those employed by status (i)n employment (i)n the Census, (i)n order to produce est(i)mates for small geograph(i)c areas as well as for small groups. The need for a str(i)ct l(i)m(i)t on the number of quest(i)ons that can be (i)ncluded (i)n most populat(i)on censuses, however, would mean that a short quest(i)on or module that collects the concept or concepts def(i)ned (i)n th(i)s resolut(i)on but w(i)th less deta(i)l and less prec(i)s(i)on than (i)n labour force surveys may be appropr(i)ate.

129. S(i)nce establ(i)shment surveys are an (i)mportant source of stat(i)st(i)cs on employment, earn(i)ngs, t(i)me pa(i)d for, labour costs and job vacanc(i)es, ICSE-18 should be appl(i)ed when there (i)s a need for (i)nformat(i)on about d(i)fferent types of employment arrangements. The level of deta(i)l should reflect the nat(i)onal needs for the (i)nformat(i)on, and the feas(i)b(i)l(i)ty of collect(i)ng the (i)nformat(i)on from establ(i)shments.

130. Adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve records, developed or adapted for stat(i)st(i)cal purposes, may also be an (i)mportant (i)nput for the product(i)on of employment stat(i)st(i)cs. The adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve records could, for example, be based upon taxat(i)on systems, employment serv(i)ces, pens(i)on schemes or soc(i)al secur(i)ty adm(i)n(i)strat(i)on. If a country (i)s us(i)ng adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve records (i)n order to produce employment stat(i)st(i)cs, then (i)t m(i)ght also be relevant to der(i)ve status (i)n employment categor(i)es from these records. The poss(i)b(i)l(i)t(i)es to do so depend on the structure and content of the country-spec(i)f(i)c adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve sources.

Ind(i)cators

131. A set of (i)nd(i)cators that serves the pr(i)nc(i)pal object(i)ves of the stat(i)st(i)cs should be selected by countr(i)es for d(i)ssem(i)nat(i)on accord(i)ng to the relevant report(i)ng per(i)od(i)c(i)t(i)es, as recommended (i)n paragraph 124. Ind(i)cators should be computed for the target group as a whole and d(i)saggregated by sex, spec(i)f(i)ed age groups ((i)nclud(i)ng separate categor(i)es for youth), level of educat(i)onal atta(i)nment, geograph(i)c reg(i)on, urban and rural areas, and other relevant character(i)st(i)cs tak(i)ng account of the stat(i)st(i)cal prec(i)s(i)on of the est(i)mates. 

132. To reflect nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances, the set should compr(i)se selected (i)nd(i)cators from among those (i)dent(i)f(i)ed below to mon(i)tor labour market performance, the stab(i)l(i)ty of employment relat(i)onsh(i)ps, exposure of the employed populat(i)on to econom(i)c r(i)sk, and part(i)c(i)pat(i)on (i)n non-standard forms of employment. The selected set could be complemented w(i)th add(i)t(i)onal (i)nd(i)cators to meet nat(i)onal needs. 

  • (a) Headcounts, usual hours worked, and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to total employment of persons employed (i)n the ma(i)n job (i)n the follow(i)ng groups:
  • (b) headcounts and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to total employment of persons employed (i)n secondary jobs (i)n the follow(i)ng groups:
    • ((i) ) dependent contractors;
    • ((i)(i)) own-account workers (i)n household market enterpr(i)ses w(i)thout employees;
    • ((i)(i)(i)) f(i)xed-term employees;
    • ((i)v) short-term and casual employees;
  • (c) the rat(i)os of dependent contractors (i)n the ma(i)n job to employees and to (i)ndependent workers w(i)thout employees;
  • (d) sub-categor(i)es of employees as a share of all employees;
  • (e) the rat(i)o of employees w(i)th non-permanent ma(i)n job to total employees (i)n ma(i)n job;
  • (f) durat(i)on of work agreement for:
  • (g) the durat(i)on of employment (i)n the current econom(i)c un(i)t for all statuses (i)n employment.

133. To prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on about the author(i)ty and levels of part(i)c(i)pat(i)on of men, women and young people (i)n own-use product(i)on work the follow(i)ng (i)nd(i)cators may be used:

  • (a) headcounts, usual hours worked, and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to the work(i)ng age populat(i)on and to all workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods for the follow(i)ng categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18:
  • (b) headcounts, usual hours worked, and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to the work(i)ng age populat(i)on for the follow(i)ng categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18:
    • ((i) ) Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.
    • ((i)(i)) Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees.
    • ((i)(i)(i)) Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

134. To prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on about the levels of part(i)c(i)pat(i)on of youth and adult men and women (i)n pa(i)d and unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work the follow(i)ng (i)nd(i)cators may be used:

  • (a) Headcounts and usual hours worked for the follow(i)ng categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18:
    • ((i) ) Pa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns.
    • ((i)(i)) Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers.
  • (b) Rat(i)os calculated for each of the above groups (i)n relat(i)on to total employment and to all persons (i)n pa(i)d and unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work. 
  • (c) For countr(i)es (i)nterested (i)n analys(i)ng tra(i)nee workers overall, a comb(i)ned (i)nd(i)cator could be calculated as follows:

png

135. To prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on about the levels of part(i)c(i)pat(i)on of youth and adult men and women (i)n volunteer work, headcounts, actual hours worked, and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to the work(i)ng age populat(i)on and to all persons (i)n volunteer work for the follow(i)ng categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18 may prov(i)de useful (i)nd(i)cators:

136. To support analys(i)s about mult(i)-party employment arrangements, countr(i)es may f(i)nd (i)t useful to develop (i)nd(i)cators on the levels of part(i)c(i)pat(i)on (i)n mult(i)-party employment arrangement headcounts, usual hours worked, and rates calculated (i)n relat(i)on to total employment (or total employees) for the follow(i)ng groups:

Future work

137. To promote the (i)mplementat(i)on of th(i)s resolut(i)on, the ILO should work collaborat(i)vely w(i)th countr(i)es, (i)nternat(i)onal, reg(i)onal and sub-reg(i)onal organ(i)zat(i)ons, and representat(i)ves of workers’ and employers’ organ(i)zat(i)ons to:

  • (a) w(i)dely d(i)ssem(i)nate these standards and commun(i)cate on the(i)r (i)mpact and (i)nterpretat(i)on; 
  • (b) update and ma(i)nta(i)n the draft data collect(i)on gu(i)del(i)nes publ(i)shed as Room Document x to th(i)s conference (i)n order to reflect th(i)s resolut(i)on as adopted and current (i)nternat(i)onal best pract(i)ce and exper(i)ence;
  • (c) develop techn(i)cal manuals and model data collect(i)on (i)nstruments, to be made ava(i)lable (i)n the three off(i)c(i)al languages, and (i)n other languages w(i)th the support of partner (i)nst(i)tut(i)ons;
  • (d) further conduct conceptual and methodolog(i)cal work (i)nclud(i)ng p(i)lot test(i)ng of the d(i)fferent elements of the standards for stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps; 
  • (e) prov(i)de techn(i)cal ass(i)stance, tra(i)n(i)ng and capac(i)ty bu(i)ld(i)ng to nat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal agenc(i)es, to relevant stat(i)st(i)cal serv(i)ces (i)n l(i)ne m(i)n(i)str(i)es, and to other relevant stakeholders (i)nclud(i)ng workers’ and employers’ representat(i)ves. 
  • (f) undertake further conceptual and methodolog(i)cal development work on the measurement of workers whose employment (i)s (i)ntermed(i)ated through Internet-based platforms or apps.