4. Internat(i)onal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (ICSaW-18)

134. The proposed ICSaW-18 (i)s a three-level h(i)erarch(i)cal class(i)f(i)cat(i)on wh(i)ch compr(i)ses, at (i)ts deta(i)led level, a set of 20 mutually exclus(i)ve categor(i)es. As w(i)th ICSE-18 these categor(i)es are def(i)ned on the bas(i)s of the type of author(i)ty, and the type of econom(i)c r(i)sk exper(i)enced by the worker (i)n a part(i)cular job or work act(i)v(i)ty. The groups are aggregated, accord(i)ng to the type of author(i)ty only, to form e(i)ght broad groups and a d(i)chotomy between (i)ndependent workers and dependent workers. 

135. These categor(i)es cover all jobs and work act(i)v(i)t(i)es (i)n all forms of work, (i)nclud(i)ng ownuse product(i)on work, employment, unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work, volunteer work and other forms of work. Each of the deta(i)led status at work groups relates to only one form of work. 

136. The subset of these categor(i)es that relate to employment (i)s the same as the deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSE-18. Another way of descr(i)b(i)ng th(i)s (i)s to say that the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (i)s an extens(i)on of the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment to cover all forms of work. 

137. Those groups that relate to own-use product(i)on work are d(i)fferent(i)ated accord(i)ng to whether goods are produced or serv(i)ces are prov(i)ded. These categor(i)es allow the product(i)on of data su(i)table as (i)nput to nat(i)onal accounts and prov(i)de compat(i)b(i)l(i)ty w(i)th both the current 19th ICLS and prev(i)ous 13th ICLS standards for stat(i)st(i)cs on employment and work.

138. Separate categor(i)es are prov(i)ded for employers, own-account workers and fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods and (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces. The category for employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces (i)s (i)ntended pr(i)mar(i)ly for employers of domest(i)c workers. The category of employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods (i)ncludes subs(i)stence foodstuff producers who h(i)re employees to carry out certa(i)n tasks related to agr(i)cultural product(i)on for consumpt(i)on by the household or fam(i)ly members l(i)v(i)ng (i)n other households. In relat(i)on to th(i)s group, the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I states that “for operat(i)onal purposes, an (i)mportant test to ver(i)fy the subs(i)stence nature of the act(i)v(i)ty (i)s that (i)t (i)s carr(i)ed out w(i)thout workers h(i)red for pay or prof(i)t”. However, test(i)ng completed by the ILO on (i)mplementat(i)on of the 19th ICLS standards found that (i)t (i)s common (i)n some countr(i)es for subs(i)stence foodstuff producers to h(i)re employees to ass(i)st w(i)th that work. It (i)s now proposed to treat these workers (i)n the same way as others who employ workers to ass(i)st w(i)th own-use product(i)on of goods. Th(i)s w(i)ll be a subst(i)tut(i)on for paragraph 25 of the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I. Th(i)s (i)s noted (i)n the Preamble to the draft resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps.

139. The prev(i)ously proposed category of “Volunteers employ(i)ng others” has been removed follow(i)ng adv(i)ce that by law, non-prof(i)t organ(i)zat(i)ons do not have “owners.” E(i)ther they are assoc(i)at(i)ons, (i)n wh(i)ch the members are the owners, or they are non-prof(i)t corporat(i)ons, wh(i)ch are controlled by boards wh(i)ch do not own the organ(i)zat(i)on. Most countr(i)es (i)nclude a “cap(i)tal lock” (i)n the(i)r non-prof(i)t laws so that (i)f the organ(i)zat(i)on (i)s closed or converted (i)nto a for-prof(i)t corporat(i)on, whatever assets (i)t holds do not go to the d(i)rectors or managers but must be transferred to another non-prof(i)t (i)nst(i)tut(i)on serv(i)ng a s(i)m(i)lar char(i)table purpose. Recogn(i)z(i)ng that th(i)s group w(i)ll (i)nev(i)tably be very small, volunteers who control non-prof(i)t organ(i)zat(i)ons w(i)th employees are now class(i)f(i)ed as dependent workers along w(i)th other volunteers (i)n such organ(i)zat(i)ons. The category “organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers” (i)s prov(i)ded for both groups. 

140. The deta(i)led status at work categor(i)es may be aggregated, based on the type of author(i)ty exerc(i)sed by the worker, to form the follow(i)ng e(i)ght broad status-at-work groups wh(i)ch may (i)n turn be aggregated to form a d(i)chotomy between dependent workers and (i)ndependent workers.

Independent workers

1. Employers
2. Independent workers w(i)thout employees

Dependent workers

1. Dependent contractors
2. Employees
3. Fam(i)ly helpers
4. Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers
5. Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers
6. Other unpa(i)d workers

141. The purpose of the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (i)s to prov(i)de a coherent and cons(i)stent set of categor(i)es and def(i)n(i)t(i)ons for stat(i)st(i)cs on workers class(i)f(i)ed by status, cover(i)ng all forms of work (i)n a conceptually exhaust(i)ve way. Th(i)s allows stat(i)st(i)cal outputs on top(i)cs such as employment, volunteer work, ch(i)ld labour and t(i)me use to be reported on a conceptually cons(i)stent bas(i)s, regardless of the scope and source of the stat(i)st(i)cs. It therefore (i)ncludes categor(i)es for groups about wh(i)ch stat(i)st(i)cs may rarely be produced from regular surveys, but wh(i)ch may be (i)mportant (i)n spec(i)al(i)zed ones. It (i)s not cons(i)dered l(i)kely that the complete class(i)f(i)cat(i)on w(i)ll be used on a regular bas(i)s w(i)thout mod(i)f(i)cat(i)on. W(i)th the poss(i)ble except(i)on of t(i)me-use surveys, very few stat(i)st(i)cal collect(i)ons would (i)nclude all categor(i)es and all forms of work (i)n scope, or prov(i)de a suff(i)c(i)ently large number of observat(i)ons to comp(i)le rel(i)able est(i)mates for all categor(i)es. In th(i)s sense (i)t may be seen as an organ(i)z(i)ng framework for stat(i)st(i)cs on status at work, rather than as a class(i)f(i)cat(i)on (i)ntended d(i)rectly for use (i)n regular stat(i)st(i)cal outputs. 

142. The structure of the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work (i)s shown (i)n box 3, (i)nclud(i)ng names of categor(i)es and class(i)f(i)cat(i)on codes. Each deta(i)led status at work category (i)s ass(i)gned a two-d(i)g(i)t code, (i)n wh(i)ch the f(i)rst d(i)g(i)t represents the broad group and the f(i)rst and second d(i)g(i)ts together represent the deta(i)led category. 

143. The categor(i)es marked w(i)th an aster(i)sk ( *) are (i)dent(i)cal to categor(i)es (i)ncluded (i)n the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment. Aggregate groups marked w(i)th two aster(i)sks () also appear (i)n the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status (i)n Employment. Those marked w(i)th two aster(i)sks have a broader scope (i)n the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work, as they (i)nclude deta(i)led categor(i)es that relate to forms of work other than employment. Deta(i)led categor(i)es that appear (i)n both ICSE-18 and ICSaW-18, are ass(i)gned the same two-d(i)g(i)t numer(i)cal code (i)n each class(i)f(i)cat(i)on.¹

144. The sect(i)on of the draft resolut(i)on that descr(i)bes ICSaW-18 prov(i)des def(i)n(i)t(i)ons of each of the categor(i)es that are not (i)ncluded (i)n ICSE-18.

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145. The 20 deta(i)led categor(i)es (i)n ICSaW-18 may also be aggregated accord(i)ng to the forms of work def(i)ned (i)n the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I when th(i)s (i)s relevant for part(i)cular types of analys(i)s or for the comp(i)lat(i)on of stat(i)st(i)cs on work relat(i)onsh(i)ps (i)n the d(i)fferent forms of work. The draft resolut(i)on prov(i)des aggregates for workers (i)n own-use product(i)on and volunteer work. 

Status at work categor(i)es and the SNA product(i)on boundar(i)es

146. The 2008 SNA prov(i)des a general def(i)n(i)t(i)on of product(i)on followed by a more restr(i)cted def(i)n(i)t(i)on that (i)s used for the comp(i)lat(i)on of nat(i)onal accounts. The SNA therefore makes reference to the general product(i)on boundary and the product(i)on boundary (i)n the SNA. 

147. Econom(i)c product(i)on w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary (i)s def(i)ned as any act(i)v(i)ty carr(i)ed out under the control and respons(i)b(i)l(i)ty of an (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal un(i)t that uses (i)nputs of labour, cap(i)tal, and goods and serv(i)ces to produce outputs of goods and serv(i)ces.² Th(i)s concept of product(i)on (i)s al(i)gned w(i)th the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I def(i)n(i)t(i)on of work. 

148. The product(i)on boundary (i)n the SNA (i)s more restr(i)cted (i)n that (i)t excludes act(i)v(i)t(i)es undertaken by households that produce serv(i)ces for the(i)r own use. However, (i)t (i)ncludes serv(i)ces produced by employ(i)ng pa(i)d domest(i)c staff, and the own-account product(i)on of goods for own f(i)nal consumpt(i)on.³ The SNA also (i)ncludes w(i)th(i)n the product(i)on boundary the act(i)v(i)t(i)es of students who contr(i)bute some of the(i)r labour as an (i)nput to an enterpr(i)se’s product(i)on (i)n return for educat(i)on serv(i)ces⁴ (that (i)s, unpa(i)d apprent(i)ces, tra(i)nees and (i)nterns). It should be noted that th(i)s latter group of workers (i)s expl(i)c(i)tly excluded from employment by the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I.

149. Concern(i)ng volunteers, the SNA notes that volunteers work(i)ng for token amounts or w(i)th no remunerat(i)on w(i)th(i)n a recogn(i)zed (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal un(i)t, are st(i)ll regarded as be(i)ng employed (i)n SNA terms. Th(i)s (i)s (i)n contrast to the 19th ICLS resolut(i)on I wh(i)ch (i)ncludes such workers (i)n volunteer work. Those prov(i)d(i)ng serv(i)ces w(i)thout pay outs(i)de an (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal un(i)t are not regarded as employed accord(i)ng to the SNA and the(i)r labour (i)nputs are therefore beyond the product(i)on boundary (i)n the SNA, but w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary.⁵ 

150. It may be concluded from all of th(i)s that, (i)n add(i)t(i)on to the status at work categor(i)es that refer to employment, all categor(i)es that refer to own-use product(i)on of goods, to unpa(i)d tra(i)nee work or to volunteer(i)ng through a recogn(i)zed (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal un(i)t relate to act(i)v(i)t(i)es that are w(i)th(i)n the product(i)on boundary (i)n the 2008 SNA, spec(i)f(i)cally:

14 – Employers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

24 – Independent workers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods w(i)thout employees.

53 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use product(i)on of goods.

60 – Unpa(i)d tra(i)nee workers.

70 – Organ(i)zat(i)on-based volunteers.

151. The follow(i)ng deta(i)led groups are concerned w(i)th own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces and w(i)th own-account volunteer(i)ng (that (i)s, not through any k(i)nd of organ(i)zat(i)on) and are therefore beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary but w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary: 

13 – Employers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

23 – Independent workers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces w(i)thout employees.

25 – D(i)rect volunteers.

52 – Fam(i)ly helpers (i)n own-use prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces.

Stat(i)st(i)cs about these act(i)v(i)t(i)es may be presented as satell(i)te accounts. 

152. S(i)nce group 9 “other unpa(i)d workers” may (i)nclude var(i)ous types of act(i)v(i)ty, (i)t (i)s not poss(i)ble to say w(i)th certa(i)nty that these act(i)v(i)t(i)es are w(i)th(i)n the product(i)on boundary (i)n the SNA, although they would fall w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary as they must (i)nvolve the product(i)on of goods or serv(i)ces for consumpt(i)on by others. S(i)nce unpa(i)d work ordered by jud(i)c(i)al author(i)t(i)es would generally be organ(i)zed through an establ(i)shment of some type, such as a pr(i)son or commun(i)ty serv(i)ce agency, (i)t could be argued that conceptually th(i)s type of unpa(i)d work would fall w(i)th(i)n the product(i)on boundary, even though (i)t (i)s unpa(i)d and not voluntary. As these act(i)v(i)t(i)es would rarely represent a stat(i)st(i)cally s(i)gn(i)f(i)cant component of labour (i)nputs to nat(i)onal product(i)on, (i)t may not be necessary to produce est(i)mates for these (i)nputs, unless for a spec(i)al descr(i)pt(i)ve or analyt(i)cal purpose (for example, a study of the product(i)on of a part(i)cular good or serv(i)ce).

1. ^ The Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of Status at Work was (i)n fact developed by tak(i)ng the pr(i)nc(i)ples used to develop the draft ICSE-18, and apply(i)ng them to all forms of work. Descr(i)pt(i)on of these class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons accord(i)ng to the Stat(i)st(i)cal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on Model (i)n the Gener(i)c Stat(i)st(i)cal Informat(i)on Model (GSIM), however, requ(i)res ICSE-18 to be represented as both a der(i)ved class(i)f(i)cat(i)on based on ICSaW-18, and as a Stat(i)st(i)cal Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on Vers(i)on (i)n the Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on Ser(i)es ICSE. The alternat(i)ve ICSE-18 h(i)erarch(i)es may be represented as one or more var(i)ants of ICSE-18. See: https://statsw(i)k(i).unece.org/d(i)splay/gs(i)m/Stat(i)st(i)cal+Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on+Model.
2. ^ SNA, 2008, para. 6.24.
3. ^ SNA, 2008, paras 6.26–6.27.
4. ^ SNA, 2008, para. 19.21.
5. ^ SNA, 2008, para. 19.39.