The 18th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans,

Hav(i)ng rev(i)ewed the relevant texts of the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of hours of work adopted by the Tenth Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (October 1962) as well as of the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of str(i)kes, lockouts and other act(i)on due to labour d(i)sputes adopted by the 15th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (January 1993) and of the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng the measurement of employment-related (i)ncome and the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of occupat(i)onal (i)njur(i)es, both adopted by the 16th Internat(i)onal Conference of Labour Stat(i)st(i)c(i)ans (October 1998),

Recall(i)ng the requ(i)rements of the Labour Stat(i)st(i)cs Convent(i)on, 1985 (No. 160), and the accompany(i)ng Labour Stat(i)st(i)cs Recommendat(i)on, 1985 (No. 170), and the need for coherence w(i)th other (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal standards, (i)nclud(i)ng w(i)th regard to (i)nformal employment and ch(i)ld labour,

Recogn(i)z(i)ng the need to rev(i)se the ex(i)st(i)ng standards on stat(i)st(i)cs of hours of work (i)n order to reflect the work(i)ng t(i)me of persons (i)n all sectors of the economy and (i)n all forms of product(i)ve act(i)v(i)ty towards the ach(i)evement of decent work for all, and to prov(i)de measurement methodolog(i)es and gu(i)del(i)nes on a larger number of measures than prev(i)ously def(i)ned (i)nternat(i)onally, thereby enhanc(i)ng the standards’ usefulness as techn(i)cal gu(i)del(i)nes to States and hence the cons(i)stency and (i)nternat(i)onal comparab(i)l(i)ty of the stat(i)st(i)cs, 

Acknowledg(i)ng that the relevance of the var(i)ous measures of work(i)ng t(i)me (i)n a g(i)ven State depends on the nature of (i)ts workforce, labour markets and user needs, and so the(i)r (i)mplementat(i)on w(i)ll be determ(i)ned largely by nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances;

Adopts th(i)s f(i)fth day of December 2008 the follow(i)ng resolut(i)on (i)n subst(i)tut(i)on for the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of hours of work (1962) and paragraphs 46 to 48 of the resolut(i)on concern(i)ng the measurement of employment-related (i)ncome (1998).

Object(i)ves

1. Each State should a(i)m to develop a comprehens(i)ve system of stat(i)st(i)cs of work(i)ng t(i)me that can adequately account for all labour (i)nputs (i)nto product(i)ve act(i)v(i)ty by all persons of any sex, (i)n order to prov(i)de an adequate stat(i)st(i)cal base for the var(i)ous users of the stat(i)st(i)cs, tak(i)ng (i)nto account nat(i)onal needs and c(i)rcumstances.

2. In part(i)cular, such a system should:

• (1) Complement the stat(i)st(i)cs of the econom(i)cally act(i)ve populat(i)on and of the demand for labour (i)n product(i)on, w(i)th stat(i)st(i)cs on the number of hours that persons actually worked and the number of hours usually worked on all act(i)v(i)t(i)es.
• (2) A(i)d the exam(i)nat(i)on and mon(i)tor(i)ng of cond(i)t(i)ons of work, (i)nclud(i)ng health, safety and gender just(i)ce for all populat(i)on groups, (i)n formal and (i)nformal employment, w(i)th stat(i)st(i)cs on the number of hours actually worked and hours usually worked, how they are organ(i)zed over t(i)me, and on the number of hours of absence from work (i)n relat(i)on to the hours establ(i)shed by nat(i)onal leg(i)slat(i)on.
• (3) Construct (i)nd(i)cators useful for labour-management negot(i)at(i)ons and for econom(i)c and soc(i)al analyses (such as labour product(i)v(i)ty, t(i)me rates of wages, average hourly earn(i)ngs, average labour cost per t(i)me un(i)t, rates of occupat(i)onal (i)njur(i)es or est(i)mates of t(i)me-related underemployment), us(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs of hours actually worked for the same reference per(i)od and by the same group of work(i)ng persons as for stat(i)st(i)cs of product(i)on, earn(i)ngs, labour cost, employment-related (i)ncome and occupat(i)onal (i)njur(i)es.
• (4) Serve as a bas(i)s for the des(i)gn, (i)mplementat(i)on, mon(i)tor(i)ng and evaluat(i)on of econom(i)c, soc(i)al and labour market pol(i)c(i)es and programmes target(i)ng labour market flex(i)b(i)l(i)ty, soc(i)al exclus(i)on, work–l(i)fe balance and the d(i)str(i)but(i)on of work(i)ng t(i)me (i)n fam(i)l(i)es, etc., w(i)th stat(i)st(i)cs on the number of hours actually worked and the number of hours usually worked and the arrangement of these hours for all members w(i)th(i)n fam(i)l(i)es and all populat(i)on groups.

3. For all these purposes, States should a(i)m at cons(i)stency between the d(i)fferent stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me, and w(i)th other labour market stat(i)st(i)cs as well as w(i)th the general stat(i)st(i)cal system. Stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me should be developed (i)n l(i)ne w(i)th other (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal frameworks, and so as to promote (i)nternat(i)onal comparab(i)l(i)ty.

Scope

4. Work(i)ng t(i)me compr(i)ses the t(i)me assoc(i)ated w(i)th product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es and the arrangement of th(i)s t(i)me dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed reference per(i)od.

5. Work(i)ng t(i)me (i)s determ(i)ned (i)n reference to product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary as def(i)ned (i)n the System of Nat(i)onal Accounts (SNA). Work(i)ng t(i)me (i)ncludes the t(i)me spent towards the product(i)on of all goods and serv(i)ces whether pa(i)d or unpa(i)d. Work(i)ng t(i)me does not take account of the legal(i)ty of the act(i)v(i)ty, the type of contractual agreement cover(i)ng (i)t or the age of the persons perform(i)ng (i)t.

• (1) Work(i)ng t(i)me can relate to the act(i)v(i)t(i)es w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary and to employment stat(i)st(i)cs, as def(i)ned (i)n the (i)nternat(i)onal def(i)n(i)t(i)on of employment. In th(i)s case work(i)ng t(i)me (i)s the standard for comp(i)lat(i)on of nat(i)onal product(i)on accounts. It (i)s also used for labour market, product(i)v(i)ty and other econom(i)c and soc(i)al analys(i)s.
• (2) Work(i)ng t(i)me can also relate to act(i)v(i)t(i)es wh(i)ch are beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary such as serv(i)ces produced and consumed w(i)th(i)n the same household and act(i)v(i)t(i)es of volunteer workers (i)n households that produce serv(i)ces for own f(i)nal use by the household. In th(i)s case the a(i)m (i)s to produce stat(i)st(i)cs of work(i)ng t(i)me on “unpa(i)d household serv(i)ce and volunteer work” necessary for the product(i)on of satell(i)te accounts and for a broader understand(i)ng of, and approach to, labour market, econom(i)c and soc(i)al pol(i)c(i)es.

6. Work(i)ng t(i)me (i)s measured for a job def(i)ned as “a set of tasks and dut(i)es performed, or meant to be performed, by one person, (i)nclud(i)ng for an employer or (i)n self-employment” whether formal or (i)nformal. A job can refer to unpa(i)d household serv(i)ce and volunteer work performed by one person for a household outs(i)de the SNA product(i)on boundary but w(i)th(i)n the general product(i)on boundary. Use of job as the bas(i)c observat(i)on un(i)t for work(i)ng t(i)me (i)s cons(i)stent w(i)th the (i)nternat(i)onal class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons of occupat(i)on (ISCO) and status (i)n employment (ICSE) and w(i)th the pr(i)nc(i)ples of class(i)f(i)cat(i)on by (i)ndustry accord(i)ng to the Internat(i)onal Standard Industr(i)al Class(i)f(i)cat(i)on of all Econom(i)c Act(i)v(i)t(i)es (ISIC). A person may have one or several jobs.

7. Work(i)ng t(i)me can be measured for short measurement un(i)ts, such as m(i)nutes or hours, or for long un(i)ts such as half-days, days, weeks or months. The measurement un(i)t of “hours” (i)s used for ease of reference.

8. Work(i)ng t(i)me can be observed over a short reference per(i)od, such as one day or one week, or a long reference per(i)od, such as one month, one year or beyond, (i)nclud(i)ng a l(i)fespan. For nat(i)onal accounts and product(i)on stat(i)st(i)cs (i)n general, work(i)ng t(i)me should be measured for a long reference per(i)od.

9. Work(i)ng t(i)me does not reflect the qual(i)ty, (i)ntens(i)ty or eff(i)c(i)ency of work.

Concepts and def(i)n(i)t(i)ons

10. (1) Th(i)s resolut(i)on prov(i)des def(i)n(i)t(i)ons for:

• (a) Seven concepts of work(i)ng t(i)me assoc(i)ated w(i)th the product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es of a person and performed (i)n a job, namely hours actually worked, the key concept of work(i)ng t(i)me def(i)ned for stat(i)st(i)cal purposes appl(i)cable to all jobs and to all work(i)ng persons; hours pa(i)d for, l(i)nked to remunerat(i)on of hours that may not all correspond to product(i)on; normal hours of work that refer to legally preva(i)l(i)ng collect(i)ve hours; contractual hours of work that (i)nd(i)v(i)duals are expected to work accord(i)ng to contractual relat(i)onsh(i)ps as d(i)st(i)nct from normal hours; hours usually worked most commonly (i)n a job over a long observat(i)on per(i)od, overt(i)me hours of work performed beyond contracts or norms; and absence from work hours, when work(i)ng persons do not work;
• (b) Two concepts of work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements that descr(i)be the character(i)st(i)cs of work(i)ng t(i)me (i)n a job, namely the organ(i)zat(i)on and schedul(i)ng of work(i)ng t(i)me, regardless of type of job, and formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements, that are spec(i)f(i)c comb(i)nat(i)ons of the character(i)st(i)cs hav(i)ng legal recogn(i)t(i)on.

(2) Not all work(i)ng t(i)me concepts are appl(i)cable to all types of jobs. The(i)r appl(i)cat(i)on (i)s spec(i)f(i)ed (i)n each concept def(i)ned below.

Hours actually worked

11. (1) Hours actually worked (i)s the t(i)me spent (i)n a job for the performance of act(i)v(i)t(i)es that contr(i)bute to the product(i)on of goods and/or serv(i)ces dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed short or long reference per(i)od. Hours actually worked appl(i)es to all types of jobs (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary) and (i)s not l(i)nked to adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve or legal concepts.

(2) Hours actually worked measured w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary (i)ncludes t(i)me spent d(i)rectly on, and (i)n relat(i)on to, product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es; down t(i)me; and rest(i)ng t(i)me.

• (a) “D(i)rect hours” (i)s the t(i)me spent carry(i)ng out the tasks and dut(i)es of a job. Th(i)s may be performed (i)n any locat(i)on (econom(i)c terr(i)tory, establ(i)shment, on the street, at home) and dur(i)ng overt(i)me per(i)ods or other per(i)ods not ded(i)cated to work (such as lunch breaks or wh(i)le commut(i)ng).
• (b) “Related hours” (i)s the t(i)me spent ma(i)nta(i)n(i)ng, fac(i)l(i)tat(i)ng or enhanc(i)ng product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es and should compr(i)se act(i)v(i)t(i)es such as:
  • ((i) ) clean(i)ng, repa(i)r(i)ng, prepar(i)ng, des(i)gn(i)ng, adm(i)n(i)ster(i)ng or ma(i)nta(i)n(i)ng tools, (i)nstruments, processes, procedures or the work locat(i)on (i)tself; chang(i)ng t(i)me (to put on work clothes); decontam(i)nat(i)on or wash(i)ng up t(i)me;
  • ((i)(i)) purchas(i)ng or transport(i)ng goods or bas(i)c mater(i)als to/from the market or source;
  • ((i)(i)(i)) wa(i)t(i)ng for bus(i)ness, customers or pat(i)ents, as part of work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements and/or that are expl(i)c(i)tly pa(i)d for;
  • ((i)v) on-call duty, whether spec(i)f(i)ed as pa(i)d or unpa(i)d, that may occur at the work locat(i)on (such as health and other essent(i)al serv(i)ces) or away from (i)t (for example from home). In the latter case, (i)t (i)s (i)ncluded (i)n hours actually worked depend(i)ng on the degree to wh(i)ch persons’ act(i)v(i)t(i)es and movements are restr(i)cted. From the moment when called back for duty, the t(i)me spent (i)s cons(i)dered as d(i)rect hours of work;
  • (v) travell(i)ng between work locat(i)ons, to reach f(i)eld projects, f(i)sh(i)ng areas, ass(i)gnments, conferences or to meet cl(i)ents or customers (such as door-to-door vend(i)ng and (i)t(i)nerant act(i)v(i)t(i)es);
  • (v(i)) tra(i)n(i)ng and sk(i)lls enhancement requ(i)red by the job or for another job (i)n the same econom(i)c un(i)t, at or away from the work locat(i)on. In a pa(i)d-employment job th(i)s may be g(i)ven by the employer or prov(i)ded by other un(i)ts.
• (c) “Down t(i)me”, as d(i)st(i)nct from “d(i)rect” and “related hours”, (i)s t(i)me when a person (i)n a job cannot work due to mach(i)nery or process breakdown, acc(i)dent, lack of suppl(i)es or power or Internet access, etc., but cont(i)nues to be ava(i)lable for work. Th(i)s t(i)me (i)s unavo(i)dable or (i)nherent to the job and (i)nvolves temporary (i)nterrupt(i)ons of a techn(i)cal, mater(i)al or econom(i)c nature.
• (d) “Rest(i)ng t(i)me” (i)s t(i)me spent (i)n short per(i)ods of rest, rel(i)ef or refreshment, (i)nclud(i)ng tea, coffee or prayer breaks, generally pract(i)sed by custom or contract accord(i)ng to establ(i)shed norms and/or nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances.

(3) Hours actually worked measured w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary excludes t(i)me not worked dur(i)ng act(i)v(i)t(i)es such as:

• (a) Annual leave, publ(i)c hol(i)days, s(i)ck leave, parental leave or matern(i)ty/patern(i)ty leave, other leave for personal or fam(i)ly reasons or c(i)v(i)c duty. Th(i)s t(i)me not worked (i)s part of absence from work hours (def(i)ned (i)n paragraph 17);
• (b) Commut(i)ng t(i)me between work and home when no product(i)ve act(i)v(i)ty for the job (i)s performed; for pa(i)d employment, even when pa(i)d by the employer;
• (c) T(i)me spent (i)n educat(i)onal act(i)v(i)t(i)es d(i)st(i)nct from the act(i)v(i)t(i)es covered (i)n paragraph 11. (2) (b) (v(i)); for pa(i)d employment, even when author(i)zed, pa(i)d or prov(i)ded by the employer;
• (d) Longer breaks d(i)st(i)ngu(i)shed from short rest(i)ng t(i)me when no product(i)ve act(i)v(i)ty (i)s performed (such as meal breaks or natural repose dur(i)ng long tr(i)ps); for pa(i)d employment, even when pa(i)d by the employer.

(4) Hours actually worked measured beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary (i)ncludes t(i)me spent d(i)rectly on, and (i)n relat(i)on to, product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es as def(i)ned (i)n paragraph 5.(2); down t(i)me; and short rest(i)ng t(i)me. 

• (a) “D(i)rect hours” (i)s the t(i)me spent carry(i)ng out the tasks and dut(i)es of the job, wh(i)ch may (i)nclude: prepar(i)ng meals, care for members of the household; clean(i)ng and ma(i)nta(i)n(i)ng the house, grounds, clothes and household equ(i)pment; purchas(i)ng and transport(i)ng goods for the household, transport(i)ng household members, household account(i)ng and management.
• (b) “Related hours” (i)s the t(i)me spent ma(i)nta(i)n(i)ng, fac(i)l(i)tat(i)ng or enhanc(i)ng product(i)ve act(i)v(i)t(i)es, and compr(i)ses act(i)v(i)t(i)es such as travell(i)ng to meet persons, wa(i)t(i)ng for persons (i)n one’s care, or tra(i)n(i)ng requ(i)red for the job;
• (c) “Down t(i)me” (i)s less relevant for a job beyond the SNA boundary because subst(i)tut(i)on of one household task for another can be more (i)mmed(i)ate.
• (d) “Rest(i)ng t(i)me” (i)s t(i)me spent (i)n short per(i)ods of rest, rel(i)ef or refreshment, (i)nclud(i)ng tea, coffee or prayer breaks.

(5) Hours actually worked measured beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary excludes t(i)me not worked dur(i)ng act(i)v(i)t(i)es such as c(i)v(i)c duty and educat(i)onal act(i)v(i)t(i)es other than the tra(i)n(i)ng covered (i)n paragraph 11. (4) (b).

Hours pa(i)d for

12. (1) Hours pa(i)d for appl(i)es to a pa(i)d-employment job and to a self-employment job pa(i)d on the bas(i)s of t(i)me un(i)ts (w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary).

(2) For a pa(i)d-employment job, hours pa(i)d for (i)s:

• (a) The t(i)me for wh(i)ch persons have rece(i)ved payment from the(i)r employer (at normal or prem(i)um rates, (i)n cash or (i)n k(i)nd) dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed short or long reference per(i)od, regardless of whether the hours were actually worked or not;
• (b) Th(i)s (i)ncludes t(i)me pa(i)d but not worked such as pa(i)d annual leave, pa(i)d publ(i)c hol(i)days and certa(i)n absences such as pa(i)d s(i)ck leave.
• (c) Th(i)s excludes t(i)me worked but not pa(i)d by the employer, such as unpa(i)d overt(i)me, and absences that are not pa(i)d by the employer, such as unpa(i)d educat(i)onal leave or matern(i)ty leave that may be pa(i)d through transfers by government from soc(i)al secur(i)ty systems.

(3) For a self-employment job (formal or (i)nformal) pa(i)d on the bas(i)s of t(i)me un(i)ts, hours pa(i)d for (i)s equ(i)valent to hours actually worked.

(4) It may be useful to separately (i)dent(i)fy hours pa(i)d for that are actually worked (as overt(i)me or not) from other hours pa(i)d for (that are not worked).

Normal hours of work

13. (1) Normal hours of work are the hours f(i)xed by or (i)n pursuance of laws or regulat(i)ons, collect(i)ve agreements or arb(i)tral awards to be performed (i)n spec(i)f(i)ed pa(i)d-employment jobs over a spec(i)f(i)ed reference per(i)od, such as per day, week, month or year (w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary). Normal hours of work may also apply to a job (i)n self-employment when the hours are (i)n accordance w(i)th the hours f(i)xed for all jobs (i)n a spec(i)f(i)c (i)ndustry or occupat(i)on (such as for dr(i)vers to ensure publ(i)c safety).

(2) Normal hours of work may vary, between jobs for d(i)fferent groups of persons (i)n pa(i)d employment, by occupat(i)on or (i)ndustry, depend(i)ng on the(i)r regulatory source.

(3) Normal hours of work of a self-employment job may be compared w(i)th the normal hours of a pa(i)d-employment job (i)n the same occupat(i)on or (i)ndustry.

(4) In States where normal hours of work are w(i)dely used they may serve as the reference to def(i)ne full-t(i)me and part-t(i)me hours.

Contractual hours of work

14. (1) Contractual hours of work, (i)s the t(i)me expected to be performed accord(i)ng to a contract for a pa(i)d-employment job or for the prov(i)s(i)on of serv(i)ces (i)n a self-employment or volunteer job (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary). The contract may (i)nclude leave ent(i)tlements and be e(i)ther expl(i)c(i)t (wr(i)tten contract) or (i)mpl(i)c(i)t (verbal agreement).

(2) The number of contractual hours of work (i)n a job may be f(i)xed over a short or long reference per(i)od or may vary from one per(i)od to the next depend(i)ng on the organ(i)zat(i)on of the job and the length of the measurement reference per(i)od. When the reference per(i)od (i)s long, leave ent(i)tlement per(i)ods should be excluded.

(3) The number of contractual hours of work may vary between jobs (i)n the same occupat(i)on, (i)ndustry or establ(i)shment.

(4) The number of contractual hours of work may be equ(i)valent to or establ(i)shed (i)n conform(i)ty w(i)th preva(i)l(i)ng normal hours of work and may be above normal hours, some of wh(i)ch may be hours st(i)pulated as contractual overt(i)me hours.

Hours usually worked

15. (1) Hours usually worked (i)s the typ(i)cal value of hours actually worked (i)n a job per short reference per(i)od such as one week, over a long observat(i)on per(i)od of a month, quarter, season or year that compr(i)ses the short reference measurement per(i)od used. Hours usually worked appl(i)es to all types of jobs (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary).

(2) The typ(i)cal value may be the modal value of the d(i)str(i)but(i)on of hours actually worked per short per(i)od over the long observat(i)on per(i)od, where mean(i)ngful.

(3) Hours usually worked prov(i)des a way to obta(i)n regular hours worked above contractual hours.

(4) The short reference per(i)od for measur(i)ng hours usually worked should be the same as the reference per(i)od used to measure employment or household serv(i)ce and volunteer work.

Overt(i)me hours of work

16. (1) Overt(i)me hours of work appl(i)es to all types of jobs (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary) and (i)s def(i)ned as:

• (a) the hours st(i)pulated as overt(i)me (i)n a contract dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed short reference per(i)od, plus hours actually worked (i)n excess of contractual hours of work, (i)f these ex(i)st; or
• (b) the hours actually worked (i)n excess of hours usually worked (i)n a job where no contractual hours ex(i)st.

(2) Overt(i)me hours of work excludes hours actually worked (i)n excess of contractual hours of work as a result of rotat(i)on per(i)ods (i)n establ(i)shed work arrangements (such as flex(i)t(i)me or sh(i)ft work) (i)n a short or long reference per(i)od.

(3) Overt(i)me hours of work for pa(i)d-employment jobs may be pa(i)d or unpa(i)d. Payment may be (i)n cash at the same rate as the other hours (i)n the job or (i)n cash at h(i)gher rates; or (i)n k(i)nd and/or (i)n the form of compensat(i)on w(i)th t(i)me off.

(4) It may be useful to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh between:

• (a) Overt(i)me hours that are pa(i)d and unpa(i)d;
• (b) Overt(i)me hours and the d(i)fferent forms of compensat(i)on;
• (c) Overt(i)me hours def(i)ned as overt(i)me (i)n employment contracts from other overt(i)me hours, where relevant;
• (d) Overt(i)me hours that are regular and other overt(i)me hours, where regular overt(i)me (i)s hours usually worked (i)n excess of contractual hours;
• (e) Overt(i)me hours (i)n pa(i)d-employment jobs and (i)n self-employment jobs.

(5) It may also be useful to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh overt(i)me hours from hours actually worked (i)n excess of contractual hours as a result of work(i)ng arrangements.

Absence from work hours

17. (1) Absence from work hours appl(i)es to all jobs (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary) and (i)s def(i)ned as:

• (a) The number of contractual hours of work not actually worked dur(i)ng a short reference per(i)od such as a week when contractual hours ex(i)st; these (i)nclude per(i)ods of leave taken accord(i)ng to the employment contract where relevant, (i)nclud(i)ng part-t(i)me contracts;
• (b) The number of hours usually worked but not actually worked dur(i)ng the short reference per(i)od when contractual hours do not ex(i)st.

(2) Absence from work hours excludes t(i)me not worked as a result of establ(i)shed work arrangements (such as flex(i)t(i)me off or sh(i)ft work).

(3) Absence from work hours (i)n a pa(i)d-employment job may be pa(i)d or unpa(i)d and (i)n(i)t(i)ated by workers or by employers.

(4) It may be useful to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh between:

• (a) Absence from work hours that are pa(i)d and unpa(i)d; (i)n(i)t(i)ated by the worker and (i)n(i)t(i)ated by the employer;
• (b) Absence from work hours that are regular and (i)rregular, where regular absence hours (i)s the number of contractual hours (i)n excess of hours usually worked;
• (c) Absence from work hours (i)n pa(i)d-employment jobs and (i)n self-employment jobs.

(5) It may also be useful to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh absence from work hours from all contractual hours (i)n excess of hours actually worked as a result of work(i)ng arrangements.

(6) Absence from work hours may occur as a result of annual leave ((i)nclud(i)ng forced annual leave), (i)llness, (i)njury or occupat(i)onal (i)njury, matern(i)ty, patern(i)ty and parental leave, compensat(i)on for overt(i)me, care for others – (i)nclud(i)ng fam(i)ly members, educat(i)onal leave, other personal absence (such as m(i)l(i)tary conscr(i)pt(i)on, c(i)v(i)l(i)an serv(i)ce, jury duty, fam(i)ly death), techn(i)cal or econom(i)c breakdown (other than spec(i)f(i)ed (i)n paragraph 11, subparagraph 2(b)), (i)ndustr(i)al relat(i)ons processes (labour–management negot(i)at(i)on, str(i)ke act(i)v(i)ty, suspens(i)on, etc.), bad weather, publ(i)c or other hol(i)days, or another reason.

Work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements

18. (1) Work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements descr(i)bes measurable character(i)st(i)cs of a job that refer to the organ(i)zat(i)on (length and t(i)m(i)ng) and schedul(i)ng (stab(i)l(i)ty or flex(i)b(i)l(i)ty) of work and non-work per(i)ods dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed reference day, week, month or longer per(i)od and appl(i)es to all types of jobs (w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary), (i)nclud(i)ng (i)n (i)nformal employment and (i)n agr(i)cultural commun(i)t(i)es.

• (a) The organ(i)zat(i)on reflects the length and t(i)m(i)ng of the work(i)ng t(i)me (i)n a job:
  • ((i) ) the length may be shorter or longer than a norm based on nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances, there may be fewer or more da(i)ly or weekly hours, fewer or more days worked per week for a short reference per(i)od or fewer weeks (part-year) for a long reference per(i)od;
  • ((i)(i)) the t(i)m(i)ng may be (i)ns(i)de or outs(i)de core hours or core days (performed at n(i)ght or at weekends).
• (b) The schedul(i)ng reflects the stab(i)l(i)ty or flex(i)b(i)l(i)ty of the length and t(i)m(i)ng of work(i)ng t(i)me (i)n a job from one day, week or longer per(i)od to the next, sh(i)fts that vary every day or week, d(i)fferent entry and ex(i)t t(i)mes, etc.

(2) Formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements relate to spec(i)f(i)c comb(i)nat(i)ons of the organ(i)zat(i)on and schedul(i)ng of work(i)ng t(i)me that are recogn(i)zed by law, collect(i)ve agreement, etc. They may be st(i)pulated (i)n expl(i)c(i)t or (i)mpl(i)c(i)t employment contracts.

• (a) Formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements may be more relevant to States where term(i)nology and establ(i)shed pract(i)ce (i)s reasonably well regulated and/or standard(i)zed, and where the number of persons covered (i)s numer(i)cally s(i)gn(i)f(i)cant;
• (b) A self-employment or household serv(i)ce and volunteer job may pract(i)se a formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangement based on work requ(i)rements, personal or household preference (such as customer contracts or f(i)xed open(i)ng hours of shops, schools, etc.);
• (c) In order to document the extens(i)ve range of ex(i)st(i)ng formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements (i)n States, wh(i)ch may be known by d(i)fferent names, a typology of formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements (i)s presented (i)n the Annex to th(i)s resolut(i)on.

(3) It may be useful to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh further character(i)st(i)cs regard(i)ng work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements such as:

• (a) The cho(i)ce, control or (i)nfluence of persons over the arrangement (i)tself or (i)ts character(i)st(i)cs; the extent arrangements are agreed, (i)mposed or chosen; the pred(i)ctab(i)l(i)ty of character(i)st(i)cs (such as advance not(i)ce g(i)ven, d(i)scuss(i)on or consensus between part(i)es); the durat(i)on of the arrangement for the spec(i)f(i)c (or ma(i)n) job;
• (b) The number of arrangements pract(i)sed, by the nature of the(i)r st(i)pulat(i)on (by law, contract, custom or self);
• (c) The type of work locat(i)on where pract(i)sed (f(i)xed, mob(i)le, (i)n establ(i)shments, at home) by arrangements pract(i)sed.

Methods of data collect(i)on

19. (1) Stat(i)st(i)cs of work(i)ng t(i)me can be collected through stat(i)st(i)cal censuses and surveys of households and establ(i)shments, and through access to adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve reg(i)sters.

(2) When poss(i)ble and pert(i)nent, the use of a comb(i)nat(i)on of data sources may be preferable to meet user requ(i)rements (such as coverage, scope, response rates, sample s(i)ze, response burden and costs) and to evaluate the qual(i)ty of stat(i)st(i)cs obta(i)ned.

(3) To ensure greater coherence for analyt(i)cal purposes, work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs should be collected for the same reference per(i)od and for the same d(i)saggregat(i)ons or groups of jobs as the stat(i)st(i)cs collected for employment, wages and labour costs, etc.

(4) In order to ach(i)eve the most eff(i)c(i)ent use of (i)nformat(i)on on work(i)ng t(i)me for stat(i)st(i)cal purposes, to harmon(i)ze stat(i)st(i)cal measures and (i)mprove coverage, and to ensure appropr(i)ate record(i)ng, report(i)ng and qual(i)ty of the result(i)ng stat(i)st(i)cs, the stat(i)st(i)cal author(i)t(i)es need to coord(i)nate w(i)th the users and the prov(i)ders of the (i)nformat(i)on, namely adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve systems and establ(i)shments.

(5) States w(i)ll need to establ(i)sh the balance between the a(i)m to obta(i)n deta(i)led (i)nformat(i)on and the capac(i)ty of respondents to prov(i)de (i)t. For (i)nstance, when collect(i)ng data on work(i)ng t(i)me for a reference per(i)od beyond a day, the def(i)n(i)t(i)ons of overt(i)me hours of work and of absence from work hours may result (i)n an underest(i)mat(i)on of the total number of overt(i)me or absence hours. To capture all these hours, spec(i)f(i)c collect(i)on for each concept (i)n the reference per(i)od w(i)ll be necessary, where relevant.

Household-based surveys

20. (1) Household-based surveys are well su(i)ted to collect data:

• (a) On hours actually worked and hours usually worked, on formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements and the character(i)st(i)cs of arrangements. They may also produce stat(i)st(i)cs on hours pa(i)d for, normal or contractual hours;
• (b) For all persons work(i)ng and all jobs, (i)nclud(i)ng (i)n (i)nformal employment and household serv(i)ce and volunteer work;
• (c) For a short reference per(i)od such as a day or a week and when the survey (i)s cont(i)nuous; for a long reference per(i)od such as a month or a year;;
• (d) For persons (i)nd(i)v(i)dually and for the economy as a whole.

(2) Household surveys are less well su(i)ted to obta(i)n data:

• (a) For concepts that have an adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve or regulatory base;
• (b) Cover(i)ng all jobs (i)n the State (domest(i)c product(i)on accord(i)ng to the SNA).

(3) In order to reduce errors due to problems of recall, proxy response and rounded answers (i)t (i)s recommended that quest(i)onna(i)res target(i)ng work(i)ng t(i)me be des(i)gned to:

• (a) F(i)rst ascerta(i)n the status (i)n employment of respondents (i)n order to f(i)lter pa(i)d and selfemployment jobs for separate quest(i)on sequences;
• (b) Collect (i)nformat(i)on for each job separately or, at the m(i)n(i)mum, for the ma(i)n job and other jobs;
• (c) Obta(i)n (i)nformat(i)on on contractual hours or hours usually worked before (i)nformat(i)on on hours actually worked, s(i)nce var(i)ables that relate to employment contracts or to the typ(i)cal work s(i)tuat(i)on are generally eas(i)er to remember, espec(i)ally for proxy (i)nterv(i)ews;
  • ((i) ) for pa(i)d-employment jobs, the hours actually worked can be arr(i)ved at after prompt(i)ng for hours of overt(i)me or absence from work that may have occurred dur(i)ng the reference week;
  • ((i)(i)) for self-employment jobs, for employees (i)n (i)nformal employment and for jobs (i)n household serv(i)ce and volunteer work; to (i)mprove data qual(i)ty of the hours actually worked, collect(i)ng or prompt(i)ng for (i)nformat(i)on for each of the days of the reference week separately rather than for the whole week (i)s recommended; as well as prompt(i)ng for all t(i)me spent on household serv(i)ce type act(i)v(i)t(i)es;
• (d) To (i)mprove the measurement of hours actually worked for certa(i)n jobs and groups of persons (i)n employment, add(i)t(i)onal quest(i)ons or prompts may target spec(i)f(i)c work(i)ng t(i)me components such as work at home, commut(i)ng t(i)me, short breaks, overt(i)me and absence from work;
• (e) To determ(i)ne hours usually worked (i)f not obta(i)ned through a d(i)rect quest(i)on, refer to the modal value of the d(i)str(i)but(i)on of hours actually worked per week over a long observat(i)on per(i)od. When th(i)s value (i)s not mean(i)ngful because the hours actually worked each week are (i)rregular, or because work schedules are def(i)ned for per(i)ods other than the week, then the value may be determ(i)ned us(i)ng e(i)ther:
  • ((i) ) the med(i)an of hours actually worked (i)n the job over the observat(i)on per(i)od; or
  • ((i)(i)) the average number of hours actually worked (i)n the job exclud(i)ng per(i)ods of unemployment or (i)nact(i)v(i)ty w(i)th(i)n the long reference per(i)od.

(4) When based on household surveys, the best est(i)mates of hours actually worked w(i)ll come from cont(i)nuous surveys that focus on the measurement of employment and cover all the weeks (i)n the year. When the survey (i)s not cont(i)nuous, States should a(i)m at est(i)mat(i)ng the per(i)ods not covered and spread(i)ng the frequency of survey observat(i)on per(i)ods over the year, rather than expand(i)ng the reference per(i)od.

21. Other household-based data collect(i)on exerc(i)ses may be used to prov(i)de stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me.

(1) T(i)me-use surveys are able to produce good-qual(i)ty stat(i)st(i)cs of hours actually worked, absence from work hours and on the length and t(i)m(i)ng of work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements. They capture part(i)cularly well the hours actually worked (i)n self-employment jobs that are (i)rregular, atyp(i)cal, or carr(i)ed out together w(i)th household serv(i)ce work (i)n the home. They may face the d(i)ff(i)culty of ass(i)gn(i)ng t(i)me spent on s(i)multaneous act(i)v(i)t(i)es to a job, and of d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh(i)ng pa(i)d act(i)v(i)t(i)es outs(i)de of the household. Th(i)s source can also be used to assess and compare the qual(i)ty of and adjust hours actually worked measured by other survey (i)nstruments. T(i)meuse surveys as a data source may be constra(i)ned by the(i)r frequency (generally non-annual or (i)rregular), small sample s(i)ze, h(i)gh response burden and data comp(i)lat(i)on costs. 

(2) The populat(i)on census (i)s able to prov(i)de stat(i)st(i)cs on hours actually worked or hours usually worked for jobs (i)n small geograph(i)c areas and for small populat(i)on groups. Census operat(i)ons may however not have the quest(i)onna(i)re space and (i)nterv(i)ew t(i)me requ(i)red to (i)ncorporate a set of quest(i)ons for each concept, for each day of the reference per(i)od and for each job or act(i)v(i)ty. Where the census (i)s the only ava(i)lable data source (i)t may as a m(i)n(i)mum (i)ncorporate a s(i)ngle quest(i)on e(i)ther on hours actually worked dur(i)ng a short per(i)od pr(i)or to the census reference date, or on hours usually worked, for the ma(i)n job.

(3) M(i)xed household-enterpr(i)se surveys of the (i)nformal sector are able to prov(i)de stat(i)st(i)cs of hours actually worked or hours usually worked for an (i)nformal sector job for a short or long reference per(i)od. They use (i)nterv(i)ew techn(i)ques close to household-based survey (i)nterv(i)ews of self-employed persons to capture the work(i)ng t(i)me of (i)nformal employees, many of whom are work(i)ng (i)n pr(i)vate dwell(i)ngs. These m(i)xed surveys may be constra(i)ned by overall costs result(i)ng (i)n l(i)m(i)ted data qual(i)ty.

(4) Surveys of agr(i)cultural employment and farm structure may collect stat(i)st(i)cs of hours usually worked (i)n farm employment for agr(i)cultural labourers and over a long reference per(i)od such as a year.

Establ(i)shment-based surveys

22. (1) Establ(i)shment-based surveys are well su(i)ted to collect data:

• (a) On hours pa(i)d for, contractual hours, pa(i)d overt(i)me hours and absence from work hours usually recorded to mon(i)tor ent(i)tlements to leave, and on formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements. They may also produce stat(i)st(i)cs on normal hours of work or hours actually worked;
• (b) For all or a subset of pa(i)d-employment jobs (i)n the establ(i)shment, or all or a subset of establ(i)shments;
• (c) For a reference per(i)od, such as a week, month, year or pay per(i)od;
• (d) For jobs (i)nd(i)v(i)dually, as averages for groups of jobs or for the establ(i)shment as a whole.

(2) Establ(i)shment-based surveys are less well su(i)ted to measure concepts wh(i)ch do not have an adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve or regulatory base. The data from establ(i)shment-based surveys relate ma(i)nly to concepts l(i)nked to payments and employment contracts and to certa(i)n types of formal work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements.

(3) In order to reduce errors due to d(i)fferences (i)n payment and adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve systems between establ(i)shments, (i)t (i)s recommended that the quest(i)onna(i)re obta(i)n (i)nformat(i)on about the:

• (a) Payment pract(i)ces for part(i)cular work-related act(i)v(i)t(i)es, (i)nclud(i)ng lunch breaks, commut(i)ng t(i)me, preparat(i)on t(i)me ((i)nclud(i)ng chang(i)ng t(i)me), short breaks, absence from work per(i)ods and overt(i)me;
• (b) Self-employment jobs covered.

(4) Work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs from th(i)s type of source, even where the coverage of jobs (i)s not complete, may be used to (i)nd(i)cate changes.

(5) The contractual hours may be spec(i)f(i)ed (i)n groups of hours, as a percentage of normal hours of work for full-t(i)me work, as full-t(i)me/part-t(i)me un(i)ts, or as the number of hours. Informat(i)on should be collected by components of non-contractual pa(i)d overt(i)me hours, absence hours not pa(i)d, and contractual hours, that w(i)ll allow the producers of stat(i)st(i)cs to perform qual(i)ty checks or to calculate hours pa(i)d for or hours actually worked, (i)f establ(i)shments do not prov(i)de these d(i)rectly.

(6) If contractual hours or hours pa(i)d for are not collected spec(i)f(i)cally, other data could be used to der(i)ve them. An est(i)mate of total contractual hours may be obta(i)ned by mult(i)ply(i)ng the number of workers d(i)st(i)ngu(i)shed by full-t(i)me and by part-t(i)me hours and add(i)ng the two products. An est(i)mate of the total number of hours pa(i)d for may be obta(i)ned by mult(i)ply(i)ng the number of workers by the(i)r wage rates and d(i)v(i)d(i)ng the total wage b(i)ll by th(i)s product.

Adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve reg(i)sters

23. (1) Adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve reg(i)sters are useful to prov(i)de (i)nformat(i)on:

• (a) On contractual hours, hours pa(i)d for, pa(i)d absence from work hours, and normal hours of work (i)nclud(i)ng leave ent(i)tlements;
• (b) For jobs and persons covered;
• (c) For long reference per(i)ods, such as a month, quarter or year.

(2) Data from adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve reg(i)sters may come from records of soc(i)al secur(i)ty (i)nst(i)tut(i)ons and labour (i)nspectorates, or from collect(i)ve agreement records or leg(i)slat(i)on. Depend(i)ng on nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances, records of (i)ncome or tax reg(i)sters on (i)ncome from pa(i)d and selfemployment can also be used w(i)th other (i)nformat(i)on to calculate hours pa(i)d for and certa(i)n pa(i)d absence hours.

(3) Data from adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve records are generally useful to ver(i)fy and may correct, or adjust data from, establ(i)shment or household-based surveys to obta(i)n est(i)mates of hours actually worked and absence from work hours due to (i)llness, matern(i)ty, occupat(i)onal (i)njur(i)es, and str(i)kes and lockouts.

(4) Reg(i)sters of (i)nformat(i)on for f(i)lled jobs usually conta(i)n more work(i)ng t(i)me data than for job vacanc(i)es or jobs sought.

Der(i)ved measures

Total hours actually worked

24. (1) Total hours actually worked (i)s the aggregate number of hours actually worked by all persons (i)n all jobs for requ(i)red groups (such as econom(i)c sector or geograph(i)cal reg(i)on, and w(i)th(i)n or beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary) dur(i)ng a spec(i)f(i)ed reference per(i)od.

(2) Total hours actually worked (i)s also known as the volume of work or labour (i)nput, and refers to all jobs (i)n the State. The reference per(i)od may be short or long.

(3) Total product(i)on d(i)v(i)ded by total hours actually worked produces labour product(i)v(i)ty (i)nd(i)cators. Total hours actually worked should have the same coverage of jobs and use the same reference per(i)od as the measurement of product(i)on, normally def(i)ned as w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary.

(4) Total hours actually worked (i)s useful to construct many other labour related soc(i)al and econom(i)c (i)nd(i)cators. Such (i)nd(i)cators may requ(i)re that the total hours actually worked be d(i)str(i)buted by character(i)st(i)cs of jobs, establ(i)shments and persons.

25. (1) Cont(i)nuous household-based surveys can produce est(i)mates of total hours actually worked for a long reference per(i)od, based on observat(i)ons for all weeks (i)n the per(i)od. Obta(i)n(i)ng est(i)mates of the hours actually worked throughout the per(i)od and adjust(i)ng for days not (i)ncluded where relevant, produces total hours actually worked for the long reference per(i)od.

(2) In a non-cont(i)nuous survey, target(i)ng the des(i)red reference per(i)od (i)mpl(i)es extrapolat(i)on to per(i)ods not d(i)rectly covered. If the survey (i)s not repeated w(i)th suff(i)c(i)ent frequency and the reference week (i)s chosen to avo(i)d spec(i)al weeks (conta(i)n(i)ng publ(i)c hol(i)days, etc.), adjustments should be made to take account of poss(i)ble calendar effects, work(i)ng t(i)me regulat(i)ons and work(i)ng t(i)me (i)nformat(i)on from other sources.

(3) When the household-based survey only collects hours usually worked, the measure of total hours actually worked w(i)ll be the number of hours usually worked add(i)ng any (i)rregular overt(i)me hours and subtract(i)ng all (i)rregular absence hours.

(4) For the purpose of est(i)mat(i)ng labour product(i)v(i)ty for a long reference per(i)od, household survey-based est(i)mates of hours actually worked need to be supplemented w(i)th est(i)mates for jobs not covered (i)n the survey (such as jobs held by persons l(i)v(i)ng (i)n collect(i)ve households or (i)n a fore(i)gn State). The hours actually worked (i)n jobs (i)n econom(i)c un(i)ts outs(i)de the State held by persons l(i)v(i)ng (i)ns(i)de the State need to be excluded.

26. (1) Comp(i)l(i)ng total hours actually worked from establ(i)shment-based surveys w(i)ll generally start from hours pa(i)d for, or from contractual hours or hours usually worked that must be transformed (i)nto hours actually worked. The computat(i)ons w(i)ll depend on the data elements ava(i)lable:

• (a) Total hours actually worked (i)s equal to hours pa(i)d for plus unpa(i)d overt(i)me hours m(i)nus pa(i)d absence from work hours;
• (b) Total hours actually worked (i)s equal to contractual hours plus non-contractual overt(i)me hours m(i)nus absence from work hours.

(2) Care must be taken to cover the long reference per(i)od and the total populat(i)on by repeated or cont(i)nued observat(i)ons or adjust(i)ng for any m(i)ss(i)ng per(i)ods; and (i)ncorporat(i)ng est(i)mates of the hours actually worked of self-employment jobs or of employees (i)n out-of-scope un(i)ts, such as small establ(i)shments, agr(i)cultural or (i)nformal un(i)ts, as well as for household serv(i)ce and volunteer work.

Average annual hours actually worked

27. (1) Average annual hours actually worked are the total hours actually worked dur(i)ng a year relat(i)ve to a reference denom(i)nator, depend(i)ng on the measurement purpose and ava(i)lable data sources. The numerator and denom(i)nator should be cons(i)stent, where poss(i)ble. The denom(i)nator may be:

• (a) The average number of persons (i)n employment (whether at work or not at work) per week over the year;
• (b) The average number of jobs over the year that corresponds to the total hours actually worked;
• (c) The average populat(i)on s(i)ze over the year.

Tabulat(i)on of data and analys(i)s

28. (1) Stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me can be tabulated to serve a number of d(i)fferent descr(i)pt(i)ve and analyt(i)cal purposes, and w(i)th(i)n or beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary, depend(i)ng on nat(i)onal c(i)rcumstances and pr(i)or(i)t(i)es.

(2) Stat(i)st(i)cs on the hours actually worked, the hours pa(i)d for, the contractual hours of work and the hours usually worked may relate to (a) the number of jobs or persons by d(i)fferent hour bands, as well as to (b) the average hours per job, person or econom(i)c un(i)t, dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od. The hour bands should allow presentat(i)on by spec(i)f(i)c hour thresholds st(i)pulated (i)n nat(i)onal laws or regulat(i)ons. The average hours per person should cover the hours (i)n all jobs held dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od.

(3) Stat(i)st(i)cs on the normal hours of work may relate to the number of jobs or persons (i)n employment pract(i)s(i)ng d(i)fferent levels of hours.

(4) Stat(i)st(i)cs on overt(i)me hours may relate to:

• (a) The number of jobs, persons or econom(i)c un(i)ts exper(i)enc(i)ng overt(i)me; 
• (b) The average overt(i)me hours per job, person or econom(i)c un(i)t dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od.

(5) Stat(i)st(i)cs on absence from work hours may relate to:

• (a) The number of jobs, persons or econom(i)c un(i)ts exper(i)enc(i)ng an absence from work dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od, by type of absence;
• (b) The average durat(i)on of absence from work hours per job, person or econom(i)c un(i)t dur(i)ng the reference per(i)od, by type of absence; 
• (c) The average elapsed durat(i)on of absence from work up unt(i)l the reference per(i)od per job, person or econom(i)c un(i)t.

(6) Stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements may relate to: 

• (a) The number of jobs, persons or econom(i)c un(i)ts pract(i)s(i)ng relevant formal(i)zed work(i)ngt(i)me arrangements, by type of arrangement;
• (B) The number of jobs, persons or econom(i)c un(i)ts exper(i)enc(i)ng var(i)ous types of lengths, t(i)m(i)ng and schedul(i)ng of work(i)ng t(i)me.

29. For the calculat(i)on of average hours actually worked per week, States that do not calculate them by d(i)v(i)d(i)ng the annual hours actually worked by the total number of weeks (i)n the year should spec(i)fy whether they relate to average hours actually worked:

• (a) Per employed person “at work” dur(i)ng one or more reference per(i)ods dur(i)ng the year;
• (b) Per employed person dur(i)ng one or more reference per(i)ods dur(i)ng the year;
• (c) Per job dur(i)ng one or more reference per(i)ods dur(i)ng the year;
• (d) Any other calculat(i)on.

30. (1) For the computat(i)on of sectoral product(i)v(i)ty, stat(i)st(i)cs on total hours actually worked need to be class(i)f(i)ed by (i)ndustry or sector, and (i)n a manner that (i)s cons(i)stent w(i)th product(i)on stat(i)st(i)cs.

(2) For labour market analys(i)s, stat(i)st(i)cs of work(i)ng t(i)me should be presented at least by sex and (i)n respect of status (i)n employment, spec(i)f(i)ed age groups and level of educat(i)on. Tabulat(i)ons and analys(i)s may (i)nclude other s(i)gn(i)f(i)cant demograph(i)c, soc(i)al and econom(i)c character(i)st(i)cs (i)mportant for users as well as appropr(i)ate cross-class(i)f(i)cat(i)ons, such as by occupat(i)onal group, (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal sector, branch of econom(i)c act(i)v(i)ty, and, where relevant, by formal/(i)nformal sector (or formal/(i)nformal employment).

(3) To br(i)ng to l(i)ght gender just(i)ce and reconc(i)l(i)at(i)on of work and fam(i)ly l(i)fe, (i)nclud(i)ng for publ(i)c pol(i)cy purposes, (i)t (i)s essent(i)al to class(i)fy work(i)ng t(i)me, (i)n add(i)t(i)on to sex, by var(i)ables such as mar(i)tal status, presence of dependent or accompany(i)ng persons (young ch(i)ldren, the elderly and others requ(i)r(i)ng care) and the work(i)ng t(i)me of other/all household members.

(4) Work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs of persons (i)s the sum of the hours (i)n all jobs (i)n a reference per(i)od; to class(i)fy these hours (i)n relat(i)on to a job or econom(i)c un(i)t, the character(i)st(i)cs should refer to the ma(i)n job. For work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs (i)t (i)s preferable to def(i)ne ma(i)n job as the job hav(i)ng the longest work(i)ng t(i)me (preferably as measured through contractual hours or, when not ava(i)lable, the hours usually worked).

31. In order to analyse changes (i)n hours actually worked over t(i)me and across States, (i)t may be useful to produce (i)nd(i)ces (i)n add(i)t(i)on to level est(i)mates. In th(i)s case, (i)t (i)s (i)mportant that prec(i)se (i)nformat(i)on about the stat(i)st(i)cal sources and methods of calculat(i)on used to produce these complex est(i)mates accompany the d(i)ssem(i)nated results.

32. All stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me and accompany(i)ng methodolog(i)cal (i)nformat(i)on should be comp(i)led, made ava(i)lable for all users, and produced (i)n l(i)ne w(i)th the need for conf(i)dent(i)al(i)ty of persons and establ(i)shments, and the requ(i)rement of proper documentat(i)on. As much as poss(i)ble, publ(i)c-use f(i)les (anonym(i)zed, conf(i)dent(i)al(i)zed m(i)cro data sets) should be made ava(i)lable to analysts and other (i)nterested users.

Internat(i)onal report(i)ng

33. (1) For (i)nternat(i)onal report(i)ng of work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs, States should endeavour to report at least (w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary):

• (a) Total hours actually worked on an annual bas(i)s; and 
• (b) Average annual hours actually worked per person (i)n employment ((i)n all jobs); or 
• (c) Where the above are not poss(i)ble, then the average hours actually worked per week.

(2) States measur(i)ng work(i)ng t(i)me beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary should comp(i)le and report the stat(i)st(i)cs (i)n such a way that (i)t (i)s poss(i)ble to d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh them from work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs for act(i)v(i)t(i)es w(i)th(i)n the SNA product(i)on boundary.

(3) For (i)nternat(i)onal compar(i)sons the der(i)ved measures should be d(i)saggregated by sex so as to enable analyses from the gender perspect(i)ve, as well as status (i)n employment. Where poss(i)ble these der(i)ved measures should also be d(i)saggregated by age, (i)ndustry or (i)nst(i)tut(i)onal sector. Other var(i)ables of (i)nterest are level of educat(i)on, occupat(i)on, work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements and formal/(i)nformal sector or employment.

34. States may also be (i)n a pos(i)t(i)on to report stat(i)st(i)cs on:

(1) The average weekly contractual hours or average weekly hours usually worked; 

(2) The number of jobs or persons by bands of hours actually worked or hours usually worked per week. For stat(i)st(i)cs on the number of jobs or persons work(i)ng d(i)fferent hour bands, data should be collected so that (i)t may be reported accord(i)ng to certa(i)n hour bands. These hour bands may be of four or f(i)ve hours, and (i)n all cases should (i)nclude the follow(i)ng: 

• (a) Less than 15 hours; 
• (b) 40 hours; 
• (c) Up to and (i)nclud(i)ng 48 hours;
• (d) 60 hours or more.

(3) The number of persons exper(i)enc(i)ng an absence, and by type of absence that should d(i)st(i)ngu(i)sh at least the follow(i)ng groups of reasons for absence: 

• (a) Annual leave (w(i)th forced annual leave separately (i)dent(i)f(i)ed, (i)f poss(i)ble), hol(i)days and compensat(i)on leave; 
• (b) Illness and (i)njury ((i)nclud(i)ng occupat(i)onal (i)njur(i)es separately (i)dent(i)f(i)ed, (i)f poss(i)ble); 
• (c) Matern(i)ty/patern(i)ty/parental and care leave;
• (d) Str(i)kes and lock-outs.
• (e) Other reasons.

35. In order to enhance the transparency and comparab(i)l(i)ty of all work(i)ng t(i)me stat(i)st(i)cs reported (i)nternat(i)onally, States are urged to comp(i)le and d(i)ssem(i)nate the requ(i)s(i)te (i)nformat(i)on on nat(i)onal concepts, def(i)n(i)t(i)ons and methodology and any departures from the recommendat(i)ons of th(i)s resolut(i)on. States should, therefore, des(i)gn the(i)r data collect(i)on and process(i)ng procedures to enable them to fully document:

• (a) D(i)fferences between the (i)nternat(i)onal and nat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal def(i)n(i)t(i)ons of work(i)ng t(i)me, where relevant;
• (b) D(i)fferences between the nat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal def(i)n(i)t(i)ons compared w(i)th legal and adm(i)n(i)strat(i)ve def(i)n(i)t(i)ons (i)n the State;
• (c) Adjustments performed to arr(i)ve at est(i)mates that correspond to the analyt(i)cal and (i)nternat(i)onal stat(i)st(i)cal concepts and, (i)n part(i)cular, (i)nqu(i)r(i)es undertaken from t(i)me to t(i)me to determ(i)ne for each (i)ndustry the rat(i)o between the number of hours actually worked and the number of hours pa(i)d for (def(i)ned (i)n paragraphs 11 and 12).

36. All reported stat(i)st(i)cs on work(i)ng t(i)me and accompany(i)ng methodolog(i)cal (i)nformat(i)on should be comp(i)led and produced (i)n l(i)ne w(i)th the need for conf(i)dent(i)al(i)ty of persons and establ(i)shments, and the requ(i)rement of proper documentat(i)on and ava(i)lab(i)l(i)ty for all users, (i)n accordance w(i)th the Un(i)ted Nat(i)ons Fundamental Pr(i)nc(i)ples of Off(i)c(i)al Stat(i)st(i)cs.

Future work

37. The ILO should prov(i)de for the t(i)mely updat(i)ng of the annex to th(i)s resolut(i)on, and prepare a techn(i)cal manual to present best pract(i)ces (i)n the measurement of work(i)ng t(i)me. 

38. Regard(i)ng the measurement of work(i)ng t(i)me for jobs w(i)th(i)n and beyond the SNA product(i)on boundary, the ILO should conduct a rev(i)ew, w(i)th(i)n a decade, of nat(i)onal capac(i)t(i)es to (i)mplement the scope of th(i)s Resolut(i)on and assess the (i)mpl(i)cat(i)ons of the f(i)nd(i)ngs on future work (i)n th(i)s area.

Annex

Work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements

1. Work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangement (i)s the term to descr(i)be measurable character(i)st(i)cs that refer to the organ(i)zat(i)on (length and t(i)m(i)ng) and schedul(i)ng (stab(i)l(i)ty or flex(i)b(i)l(i)ty) of work and non-work per(i)ods for all jobs as def(i)ned (i)n paragraph 18 of th(i)s resolut(i)on. These character(i)st(i)cs also apply to ad hoc as well as unusual arrangements. Mult(i)ple character(i)st(i)cs (such as a part-t(i)me, flex(i)ble sh(i)ft schedule) may apply as they are not mutually exclus(i)ve.

2. Spec(i)f(i)c work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements def(i)ned for d(i)fferent comb(i)nat(i)ons of these character(i)st(i)cs ex(i)st (i)n States and are referred to as formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements. These are based on laws and regulat(i)ons, collect(i)ve agreements or arb(i)tral awards and formal(i)zed (i)n wr(i)tten employment contracts and/or pract(i)sed (i)mpl(i)c(i)tly (i)n establ(i)shments by persons (i)n pa(i)d-employment jobs. Certa(i)n types of formal(i)zed arrangements (such as part-t(i)me work) are also pract(i)sed (i)n self-employment jobs.

3. The elements of the typology of formal(i)zed work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements presented (i)n th(i)s Annex may serve as a tool for consultat(i)on, (i)n part(i)cular for purposes of compar(i)son at the (i)nternat(i)onal level.

Organ(i)zat(i)on (length and t(i)m(i)ng)

4. (1) Annual(i)zed or mensual(i)zed hours arrangements, character(i)zed by var(i)at(i)ons (i)n da(i)ly, weekly and monthly work(i)ng t(i)me w(i)th(i)n a weekly or monthly average or an annual total, w(i)thout any requ(i)rement that the employer pay overt(i)me rates as long as hours actually worked stay below an agreed max(i)mum (i)n the spec(i)f(i)ed per(i)od. Under the annual(i)zed/mensual(i)zed hours contract, the d(i)str(i)but(i)on of the number of hours over the month or throughout the year (i)s generally determ(i)ned (i)n advance by the employer, depend(i)ng on product(i)on or serv(i)ce needs; but employees may be allowed to negot(i)ate the length of the(i)r da(i)ly and weekly hours, so long as output targets can be met.

(2) Compressed work(i)ng week arrangements, character(i)zed by organ(i)z(i)ng the work(i)ng t(i)me over fewer days than what (i)s cons(i)dered the normal or standard work(i)ng week.

(3) F(i)xed work(i)ng arrangements, character(i)zed by set start(i)ng and f(i)n(i)sh(i)ng hours or core hours for (i)nd(i)v(i)duals or groups of persons (i)n pa(i)d employment or for persons (i)n self-employment.

(4) Job-shar(i)ng arrangements, character(i)zed by the f(i)ll(i)ng of an ex(i)st(i)ng full-t(i)me pos(i)t(i)on by two or more persons ((i)nclud(i)ng trans(i)t(i)onal arrangements), each work(i)ng part t(i)me, poss(i)bly w(i)th d(i)fferent arrangements, on an ongo(i)ng, regular bas(i)s.

(5) M(i)n–max arrangements, character(i)zed by a var(i)able number of hours actually worked and pa(i)d for, depend(i)ng on product(i)on or serv(i)ce needs, but w(i)th a guarantee of a m(i)n(i)mum and max(i)mum number of hours to be worked per reference per(i)od.

(6) Part-t(i)me work arrangements, character(i)zed by a voluntary or (i)nvoluntary reduct(i)on of hours or a job that reduces contractual hours or hours usually worked, wh(i)ch are less than those of comparable full-t(i)me work ((i)n the same (i)ndustry or occupat(i)on) recogn(i)zed (i)n the Part-T(i)me Work Convent(i)on, 1994 (No. 175).

(7) Regular overt(i)me hours arrangements, character(i)zed by hours worked (i)n add(i)t(i)on to the contractual or hours usually worked and that are compensated by the employer for pa(i)demployment jobs.

(8) Staggered and block work(i)ng arrangements (also known as start and end of work(i)ng day), character(i)zed by establ(i)shed d(i)fferent start(i)ng and f(i)n(i)sh(i)ng hours around compulsory core hours, for (i)nd(i)v(i)duals or groups of persons (i)n pa(i)d employment, (i)nclud(i)ng spl(i)t sh(i)ft work cons(i)st(i)ng of mult(i)ple work per(i)ods on the same day.

(9) T(i)me-sav(i)ng account arrangements, character(i)zed by hours worked (i)n add(i)t(i)on to the contractual or hours usually worked w(i)th the understand(i)ng that the persons w(i)ll be able to take, for example, early ret(i)rement.

(10) Work(i)ng t(i)me bank(i)ng arrangements, character(i)zed by the poss(i)b(i)l(i)ty of accumulat(i)ng hours, wh(i)ch can be taken off as extended leave (i)n a subsequent per(i)od or used to reduce the total overall l(i)fespan of work.

(11) Comb(i)ned extended work and leave per(i)ods, character(i)zed by a number of weeks on, at spec(i)al work s(i)tes (remote areas, on board sh(i)ps, o(i)l platforms at sea, etc.) and a number of weeks off work.

Schedul(i)ng (stab(i)l(i)ty or flex(i)b(i)l(i)ty)

5. (1) Flex(i)ble work(i)ng-t(i)me arrangements, character(i)zed by poss(i)ble da(i)ly and weekly work(i)ng t(i)me scheduled outs(i)de core hours when presence at the place of employment (i)s compulsory. Hours worked (i)n add(i)t(i)on to contractual hours of work for the week (pay per(i)od or month) may be taken as leave dur(i)ng subsequent weeks or months, often w(i)th(i)n a deadl(i)ne and up to a max(i)mum number of hours.

(2) Own work(i)ng schedule, character(i)zed by the poss(i)b(i)l(i)ty of schedul(i)ng one’s da(i)ly and weekly hours and presence at the work locat(i)on.

(3) On-call work, zero hours or “as and when requ(i)red” arrangements, character(i)zed by no f(i)xed schedule of contractual hours, but a requ(i)rement that persons be ava(i)lable to work when called w(i)th a spec(i)f(i)ed not(i)ce per(i)od, for as many hours as the employer requ(i)res up to legally spec(i)f(i)ed or contractual l(i)m(i)ts.

(4) Sh(i)ft-work arrangements, character(i)zed by success(i)ve da(i)ly work per(i)ods (i)nvolv(i)ng teams of persons, known as sh(i)fts. Sh(i)fts enable the establ(i)shment to max(i)m(i)ze use of equ(i)pment and ensure operat(i)ons for per(i)ods longer than the work(i)ng t(i)me of (i)nd(i)v(i)duals. Sh(i)fts may be organ(i)sed as morn(i)ng, even(i)ng, n(i)ght or weekend sh(i)fts. Sh(i)fts may be constant, alternate w(i)th d(i)fferent types of sh(i)ft on a weekly or fortn(i)ghtly bas(i)s ((i)nclud(i)ng certa(i)n free days).

(5) Sh(i)ft-change work arrangements, character(i)zed as sh(i)ft-work arrangements w(i)th the add(i)t(i)onal feature that persons may trade the(i)r sh(i)fts w(i)th other workers pract(i)s(i)ng the same arrangement.

(6) Absence-leave schedul(i)ng, character(i)sed by the cho(i)ce, control or (i)nfluence of persons over per(i)ods of absence and leave and the extent to wh(i)ch th(i)s schedul(i)ng (i)s agreed, (i)mposed or chosen, the pred(i)ctab(i)l(i)ty of per(i)ods (as a result of advance not(i)ce, d(i)scuss(i)on or consensus between part(i)es) and the durat(i)on of the per(i)od over wh(i)ch the schedul(i)ng refers.